Duck

Dream Land Bali

2010-05-05T04:29:00.000-07:00

Duck developments in Java can not escape from the island of Bali, earlier this month we visited the island of Bali, to monitor the prices of duck and duck eggs, and we also visit tourist attractions, Dream land. located in the Pecatu Indah resort

Duck farm management

2010-03-17T06:04:00.000-07:00

In Indonesia, the duck farm was managed traditionally, we know, the ducks have the potential to be developed. Very little government attention to farmers, ranchers, especially ducks, nature-rich Indonesia is very good for raising ducks

Sound "quack-quack-quack" rhythmic sounds of hundreds of ducks in the couple's barn Rawud (45) and Suranti (38), as could not wait to eat rations. Rawud still sorting rucah fish to be ground, while the chopped watercress Suranti fun. Plus a mixture of parched rice and bran, complete dough to feed their ducks.

Rawud's cage and Suranti contains 500 ducks aged over six months who are ready to lay eggs. "The 800's tail was boil," said Rawud, who is also a member of Livestock Farmers Group Maju Jaya, residents Limbangan Village, Brebes, Central Java.

Boil or boro intention is to wander or go abroad to find food directly from nature. Duck dibarahkan generally aged one to five months. After several months boil, even dikandangkan duck. This method is considered more secure, especially keeping the eggs are not stolen.

Paddy area that lies between Indramayu (West Java) and Pemalang (Central Java) to be Kembara an ideal location. The shepherds used the time to boil the rice harvest to harvest the remaining grain rerontokan and ducks could eat for free. Duck can also get extra vitamin of worms or insects that feed more varied types.

If duck dibarahkan, said another farmer, Tasori (36), the cost of feed for duck tail 400 can be pushed up to Rp 240,000 per day. To secure the ducks at night or when it rains, hooded Tasori build stables on the edge of the tarp fields.

In April a joyous time for duck breeder for the rice crop had not long ago. The price of feed for the ducks, too, were expensive pen. "Normally prices last until June. After that, the price of bran will rise from Rp 600 to Rp 900 per kilogram. Fish started to hard to find, "said Darmono (51), farmers who have a duck in the 4000 Village Pakijangan, Bulukamba, Brebes.

Tradition boil

Currently only 10 percent of the population of ducks in Brebes, some 877,000 head, which really shepherd. This means that breeders let bergelindingan eggs in rice fields. "That means only 90 of the breeder of a total of 900 people," said Chief Animal Health Section of Animal Husbandry Department Jhoni Murahman Brebes.

Actually, first, herding ducks are part of the tradition. Breeders usually wander from Brebes to Rengasdengklok, Cikarang, even Sumedang. The ducks are transported by truck up in a rice field during harvest. After a month or so hanging around the area, duck moved to another area. And so on, and can be for months.

Problem duck boil, Kasub Effendi (91), Pakijangan village leaders, have interesting stories. He is the third generation in his family who went on the duck breeding efforts. Although much reduced hearing, Kasub smoothly tells how he led thousands of duck from Brebes to Banten.

Formerly, the plural occurs breeder robber or robbed by a robber while boil. That is why almost all breeders skilled martial science. Young Kasub known as warlords, ranchers, and rich farmers who have fields odor 37. One smells equivalent to 7800 square feet.

"Have you ever slept in the fields while maintaining a duck, some people want to rob. It turned out they were my friends during the same jail. Finally, the ducks I even kept the same bastards, ha-ha-ha, "said Kasub. Sobari, father Kasub, known as a breeder and a tenacious champion. He even walk duck-duck herding until Indramayu. Martial science was very competent.

Experience boil down to various cities in West Java to eight months also experienced Yanto (47), citizen Pakijangan. "To put it bluntly, all the places in West Java was my jajahi. I've been robbed several times, "said the farmer who was forced to drop out of school because his father invited boil.

Livelihood

For 900 farmers in Brebes, the duck is the holder of life. "Instead of a coolie," said Rawud, who started a duck farm business since ten years ago. Both were quite happy to send their three children through graduate school. "The big yes. There are two motorcycles. Amen if you can buy a car, "said Suranti.

Earnings this pair can be calculated like this: 500 ducks produce 300 eggs a day. Rawud and sell them to merchants Suranti USD 1025 per egg. To feed, the required Rp 180,000 a day. Meaning, they can be pocketed Rp 127,500 per day. Additional revenue will be obtained if the 800 ducks that still shepherd is ready to lay their eggs.

The number of eggs obtained per day generally range from 50-80 percent of the duck. However, if you're unlucky because some of the ducks will not lay eggs cranky (eg surprised to hear the sound of firecrackers), eggs can be produced only 40 percent. If the duck 1000, the number of eggs only 400 grains, for example.

Couple Kisnarto (36) and Rumiah (29), a member of Adem Ayem, also 500 ready-laying ducks and 1,000 ducks are dibarah. Since sold through cooperatives, Kisnarto could sell eggs at Rp 1100 per egg.

Unlike the Rawud and Kisnarto, Darmono (51) and Taufik Samsudin (35) chose not to keep ducks boil. Both direct purchase of ready-laying ducks for Rp 35,000-Rp 45,000 per cow. A month after purchase, usually a duck can lay eggs.

"Duck boil it enggak pakannya think, but I have to pay someone to feed," said Darmono, who aspire to have 20,000 ducks. The same thing is said Taufik. "If you buy meri (duckling), I have to wait long to lay eggs," said Taufik who is also Secretary of Livestock Farmers Group Maju Jaya.

To be sure, with the duck farm business, Darmono can send their two children until they graduate at Mercu Buana University, Jakarta. "Although that was a take care of home instead of duck," he said laughing.

[by kompas.com]

Duck Breeder

2010-03-16T14:09:00.000-07:00

Tirtamulya (Karin) - It has become a familiar sight, post-harvest many ducks wandering around the fields. However, it was not any muck, this was the duck was escorted by the owner or peternaknya. As in Kertawaluya, Tirtamulya Karawang District. Emptiness of post-harvest agricultural land used by ranchers to treat duck-duck. Besides the availability of the remnants of the harvest for a free feed and straw for many ducks bedding, this was done in the context of the need to duck down the arena in order to grow well.

Irom, middle-aged men who are also citizens Kertawaluya (Waluya) is one of the duck farmer in question. He has as many as 500 ducks tail. According to him, diumur 1 ½ months to get off gelangang duck or in the language down to the water, after 1 ½ months on land previously cultivated in the garden of his house. Therefore, He also makes impromptu duck cages located in the rice fields that have been harvested.

Irom preserved duck this, will he sold at a price of 20 thousand perekor allocated as broiler ducks for market consumption. "Later there's usually a memborongnya middlemen," tells the Irom said Karin.

Before eventually be sold for animal pieces, these ducks were found to produce eggs that additional income Irom. However, admitted that the duck Irom which he maintained is not intended as a duck laying, because it's a different kind.

Because the duck-duck stable lodged in the field, then until later marketable Irom must accompany the duck-duck overnight. According to 'rules' in the morning until late afternoon, these ducks was loose diangon or other languages. The location could be in the field and in the river not far to the stable which he created. That way, duck-duck found freedom to grow normally and look for food in addition to the feed already was prepared.

BebekMengenai breeding land he and his colleagues gunankan, Irom admitted no complex license to the owner of the fields, even if there is only verbally. Because according to him, the farmers and the owners did not object to the fields of land used as breeding sites by the breeder ducks that local residents generally are. However, complaints from farmers rather than none at all, according komplainnya usually associated with drainage water into the fields that he and his friends did for the purposes of duck-duck, when farmers do not irrigate fields intentionally.

For this issue, he and others said the duck breeders as much as possible in coordination with the farmers. As for, hope for farmers is to control the feed price and the selling price to remain under control, considering breeding duck is not easy because many of the accompanying risks. (Dean Andriana) From: http://www.karawanginfo.com

Duck Eggs Meat Or Not - Just Interesting

2010-03-16T14:07:00.000-07:00

Although traditionally cultivated, raised ducks can improve the welfare of farmers.

As usual, after morning prayers, Warkiya, visited the cage to collect eggs. From 1000 he ducks maintained, collected daily 600-650 eggs. Since 1981, he graduated from elementary school is consolidating into duck breeders in Babadan, Gunung Jati, Cirebon, West Java. "Thank God, the result of the duck (duck) was able to improve the welfare of the family," he admitted. Success Warkiya also experienced other duck farmers who had encountered AGRINA in West Java, Central Java and East Java.

Warkiya duck business progress is closely related to the development pattern of dirikannya cattle groups since 1998. Together with another farmer, he founded the Agribusiness Livestock Farmers Group Duck "Duck Jaya". This group managed to build a business system agribinis from feed production to marketing. And, until now the village as one of the centers laying duck farming in Cirebon.

Apart from Cirebon, West Java ducks in developing other districts. DG data based Livestock, Agriculture, Jabar largest duck countless centers with 5.9 million head of population, or 16-17% of the national population. The second and third positions held by Central Java and Kalimantan. Last year in Central Java duck population reached 4.9 million head. While in South Kalimantan as many as 3.2 million head. Nationally, duck populations continue to increase. In 2006, the population was 34.6 million head, or up 6.8% from the previous year.

Small Capital

So far, duck farming is still concentrated in producing eggs. While the meat is on the side of the duck afkir. According to some breeders, laying duck business is more promising than broiler ducks.

Warkiya opinion, be it duck breeders laying lesser strength, but rather income. Daily income from the sale of eggs, and income from monthly to afkir ducks.

Similar expressed Raharjo, Chairman of the Livestock Farmers Ducks (KTTI) "happy" in Pakijangan, Bulakamba, Brebes, Central Java. "Capital raising is not too big duck. The main cost just to buy ducklings (day old duck-DOD) which Rp4.500-Rp5.000/ekor price, "he said. Usually, he continued, the farmer bought 500 Brebes DOD tail. This amount is to be the benchmark for a minimal gain.

From the 500's tail, every day gained 350-400 eggs. With the selling price can be obtained Rp800-Rp850/butir sales Rp280.000. After deducting the cost of feed and drugs as much as Rp150.000-Rp180.000, net profit Rp90.000-Rp100.000 day.

According to Prof. Dr. Peni S. Hardjosworo, M.Sc., duck experts from the Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB, the amount was reasonable profit. You see, keeping ducks is not too complicated. In addition, lower mortality and production of duck eggs are much better than chicken.

Even so, according to Solomon Rekso, duck breeders from KTTI Purwadiwangsa, Pesurungan Lor, MARGADANA, Tegal, which must be considered first when breeding ducks is his character. Ducks can not be equated with the machine to continue to produce.

Request DOD and Pullet High

Developments in Cirebon duck fast enough. This is thanks to the development pattern of seed sources, cultivation, and enlargement (CBU). That's why Cirebon is known as a distributor of seeds and duck eggs throughout Indonesia.

Ir. Setyo Utomo, from the Animal Husbandry Department Kab. Cirebon, say, this hard work led to "Medal of Development" of the central government. This award thanks to a policy of duck farming in the area with a touch of the principles of agribusiness. Businesses that previously only hereditary efforts on a small scale, then transformed into a strategic business very profitable so they can thrive.

Animal Husbandry Department data Kab. Cirebon noted, the population of 340,000 ducks producing eggs tails nearly 3400 tons / year. Hatching with 70-80% power, it produces seed centers duck daily life (day old duck-DOD) nearly 2.9 million head / year. Setyo Utomo explained, the number was still far from the existing market potential. For consumption Jabar area, Central Java, and Jakarta have reached 44,000 tons of eggs and 4.3 million head per year DOD.

There are three centers of duck farming in the Regency. Cirebon, namely Kapetakan, Gunung Jati, and Sejong. And hatching egg production is concentrated in Kapetakan DOD. Meanwhile, central and duck egg production BAYAH (doves) at Sejong and Babadan.

Sobirin Ahmad, Chairman of the Young White KTTI Branjangan, producers BAYAH Panggangsari Village, Kec. Losari, Cirebon, reveals, the demand for duck or pigeon pullet remains high. "We have a request to us until 5000-6000 tails / week. Requests from other cities like Bandung, Banten, Lampung not be met because we were only able to supply the 2000-3000 fish / week, "he said.

Meanwhile, demand is also very high DOD. Abdul Wakhid, Chairman of the Livestock Farmers in the village of Tigan Bloom Karanganyar, Pangurangan, Cirebon, for example, every day could supply about 5,000 DOD counterparts in Cirebon, Brebes, Tangerang, Banten and Lampung. The rapid breeding ducks can be seen especially in the village of Karanganyar, Kec. Panguragan, Cirebon. A total of 570 families in an effort to jump duck eggs and duck virgin production.

Another case, in the hamlet center TAWANGSARI Kejapanan-Gempol, East Java. Hasan Bisri able to make cross breeding ducks. He dared to make seeding because she has the educational background of Biology. "That's why we often experiment to produce a cross Jabelpas (Java, Khaki Campbell, Pasuruan). Good result, we have his parent stock, "said Hasan.

Unfortunately, Hasan capital constrained for development towards the nursery. And if there are good prospects of capital or soft loans for development from the government.

Salted Eggs Sentra

Salted eggs as a result of the end of agribusiness ducks are often found in Brebes and Tegal, Central Java. Salted egg production has become a trademark in the onion-producing city reached 1,591,500 points / month. The abundance of egg production in Brebes not despite high population of ducks there are 604,586 tails. Production of grains 53,055,030 eggs per year.

We have 1312 registered duck breeders joined in 10 livestock farmer groups ducks (KTTI). "The number is far more than other poultry, such as laying or breeder chicken broiler breeders," Jhoni Murahman, Section Chief of Animal Health, Animal Husbandry Office Brebes.

Duck farm grows in Brebes and Tegal since the early 1970s. Originally duck shepherd in the fields and the river by the farmers in the middle of farming. "Wrapper was only pretense. Now has become the main job, "said Atmo Suwito Rasban, Chairman of the Cooperative Village Adem Ayem Pakijangan, Bulakamba, Brebes.

While in Tegal, the population reached 119,910 tail ducks and egg production of 17,200,000 eggs per year. "Sentra duck farming can be found in the Village and the Village Pesurungan Lor MARGADANA MARGADANA District," said Ir. Nunik Pratiwi, Head of Animal Husbandry, Marine and Agriculture Kota Tegal, Central Java.

Bambang Haryo Wicaksono, Chairman KTTI Purwadiwangsa, Tegal, said the breeding of ducks have become the primary work group members. They apply the methods of intensive care dikandangkan way.

Imitating neighbors trail, now being actively encouraging Tegal domestic industries processing duck eggs which absorbs 30% of fresh egg production of local farmers. This population increase stimulates duck breeders and improve farm management.

Need to Diversify

Outside of these two centers, the business began to squirm duck meat in the last 1-2 years. It can be seen from the mushrooming restaurants fried duck, duck satay, duck bermenu restaurants in the country.

Linus Simanjuntak, breeders Ticktock in Sawangan, Depok, justify, broiler ducks demand continues to increase, while the duck farms in Indonesia are still laying duck farms specifically. As a result, demand for meat supplied by a duck a duck afkir and males.

"This new market opportunities for duck meat. For that we need no special effort from the strains of broiler duck broiler ducks, "suggested Prof. Peni. However, farmers are still reluctant to breed broiler ducks because it benefits not been promising. This is justified Syahroni, duck breeders KT members Livestock Food Source, Brebes. If 1 week old ducks maintained for 5.5 months and then sold as broiler ducks Rp20.000/ekor price, thankfully thin, only Rp2.500/ekor.

Similar revealed Sugiharto, the Chairman of the Livestock Ducks Maju Jaya, in the Village Panimbungan Wetan, Brebes. Members of his group had tried to breed broiler ducks, but losing so switch back to laying ducks.

Another case with a successful Santoso Ticktock maintain. Having maintained for 1.5-2 months, sold Ticktock Rp25.000/ekor price. "If the cost of enlargement Ticktock Rp20.000/ekor, then Rp5.000/ekor profits," said Santoso. So choose where, egg production or broiler?

From: http://www.agrina-online.com

duck farming

2010-03-08T09:06:00.000-08:00

indosiar.com, Brebes - This is the center of duck farming or the people here used to call it a duck. Its location in the village Pakijangan, Kamba Bula District, Brebes, Central Java. In this place tens of thousands of local residents raised ducks, both for meat, and eggs used to be salted eggs.
indosiar.com, Brebes - This is the center of duck farming or the people here used to call it a duck. Its location in the village Pakijangan, Kamba Bula District, Brebes, Central Java. In this place tens of thousands of local residents raised ducks, both for meat, and eggs used to be salted eggs.

Brebes is known as a center producing salted eggs. So salted egg into the - by those who visited the Brebes. Duck farm location can be achieved for a half hour drive from the town of Brebes, Central Java, by taking the direction to the west, tracing the path Pantura. Throughout the area of rice field trip seemed to arrive at the scene.

Pakijangan Village is the center of the duck farm. This Didesa there are at least two hundred farmers, with tens of thousands of pet ducks. Therefore, when coming to this village, many found a bunch of ducks looking for food. Seeing so many ducks around, I became interested in herding ducks come.

Well, it was fun to herd ducks. When observed, this duck is more orderly than in humans. When walking alongside neatly. Nothing is out of the group. Once satisfied duck herding, I now want to see the owner. Duck - Duck is owned by farmers who joined the group of cattle farmers calm cool duck, chairman of Atmo Suwito.

Duck breeding is not difficult, because these animals behaved category. Especially if the location is on the edge of the river farm. Bebekpun feed easily obtained. Given enough bran with mixed green - green and fish protein.

At the age of one and a half months like this, very fond ducklings eat. Because still growing. Ducks started laying eggs after the age of 6 months. Productive period lasted until the age of two years.

Breeding ducks, including profitable. If maintaining a thousand ducks, every day can be obtained about seven hundred eggs. With the price of 1 dollar eggs per egg, a duck farmer every day can get 70 dollar income

In addition, the duck meat is also much in demand. Duck on the market price, ranging from 2 dollars to 3 dollars per cow. The need for a duck egg is never diminished. Brebes just in the region each year will require around 45 million duck eggs, for processed into salted eggs.

Salted egg processing centers scattered in Brebes. One of them belonged to Mr. Udin. He has been engaged salted egg processing business since twenty years ago. This is where Mr. Udin processing duck eggs into salted eggs. The process is simple. Duck eggs are sorted first based on the quality and size. Then the eggs are washed and rubbed with ashes.

Once clean, the eggs wrapped in dough that is a mixture of red brick, salt and ash. Duck eggs that have been dibaluri and special diperam diruangan for approximately half months. Here diperam duck eggs to be salted eggs.

After diperam, duck eggs and boiled until cooked. Boiling process conducted for six hours. Every time boiling, at least a thousand eggs. Salted eggs that have been cooked and then taken to the marketing, dikios by - by that scattered along the path Pantura. This can be found Dikios variety of salted eggs. Starting from boiled salted eggs, salted eggs to fuel.

Brebes salted eggs good to eat is famous. In addition to more tasty, it's also not too salty. If you want more durable can choose baker salted egg. Which can last up to half a month. (Helmi Azahari / Dx / ijs)

From : http://www.mustang89.com

How to Hatch Ducks in an Incubator

2009-08-06T05:30:00.000-07:00

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

Incubator
Duck eggs
A bright light
Duck incubator insert tray
Incubator-hatching basket

Step 1

Set the incubator to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit and 55% humidity. Leave it on for a day or two to stabilize the temperature and humidity levels before placing the eggs inside. Set the ventilation by reading the incubator manufacturer's directions.
Step 2

Select eggs that have been laid 1-3 days prior and are not misshapen or too big or too small. Inspect the eggs by shining a light through, or "candle," the eggs. If you see double yolks inside or notice any cracks, do not select these eggs.
Step 3

Place the eggs inside a duck incubator insert tray and place the tray inside the incubator. Turn the eggs four-to-seven times each day.
Step 4

Candle the egg after the sixth day of incubation. At this point, you should start to see spider-like veins developing around the egg. This is a good, fertile egg that is developing normally. Discard the bad eggs.
Step 5

Remove the egss after 25 days from the egg tray and place them inside a special incubator-hatching basket. Candle the eggs again at this time to see if the egg is developing normally. Discard any eggs that have dead embryos.
Step 6

Set the incubator to 99 degrees Fahrenheit and 65% humidity for hatching. Increase the humidity level to 80% and increase the ventilation so it is set at halfway as the eggs begin to hatch.
Step 7

Lower the temperature gradually to 97 degrees Fahrenheit and the humidity to 70% when the ducks are mostly hatched. Ventilate the incubator to maximum capacity. Remove the ducklings when they are mostly dry.

2009-06-13T05:57:00.000-07:00

Yogyakarta, 19 March 2009

Today Telkomsel inaugurate the operation "Bebek Village" located in Bantul place on Jl. Parangtritis Pedukuhan Bangi district Timbulharjo - Sewon Bantul. This program is part of the awareness program titled Telkomsel Asri village, where its focus is the empowerment of communities through local business potential.

This program is the result of the cooperation with PT Telkomsel KKI (Kampoeng wisdom Indonesia) supported by the Local Government (Government) in Bantul, TANI Joglo in terms of training and assistance targeted farmers, and the Foundation as the organization's work Khaula and model developers Farmer-Owned (BuMp) .

Telkomsel aid program worth Rp 450 million development includes 48 stalls and 2640 ducks. In addition to support the smooth process of the business, also provided warehouse equipped machine feed feed penepung, egg storage, home following incubation tetas engine unit 4, or 6 pens meri duckling, and 6 pens enlargement indukan, space making salted eggs, and the infrastructure cluster (the meeting hall and toilet).

A Raw Food Detour

2009-05-25T00:33:00.000-07:00

Well, I will soon take a little break from my Raw Food diet because I will be trying a delicacy I’ve always wanted to try.

Have you heard of "balut" eggs?

Balut is a very popular food item in the Philippines in which a fertilized duck egg is cooked and eaten when the duck embryo is half formed.

Doesn’t that sound yummy?

In the Philippines, a lot of care is taken to cook the fertilized duck eggs after the duckling has formed for exactly 18 days. Any less than eighteen days, the duck fetus is too soupy. Any more, then it's too crunchy.

The Filipinos enjoy balut because it’s the perfect all-in-one meal. The balut egg contains a good bit of salty liquid, so there’s your soup. (mmmm -- amniotic fluid soup)

The half-formed fetus provides the entrée and the eggy bit provides your side dish - - all in one go.

Anyway, I will be visiting my staff members across the state of Illinois in a couple of weeks. The wife of one of one of my staff is from the Philippines and she has already procured a balut egg for me to try.

I really love to try new and unusual food items. A balut egg will certainly qualify.

So, I will make a detour from my vegan, raw food diet in order to try this delicacy. Of course, I will post some photos of my balut-eating experience for your entertainment and pleasure.

You have to admit that eating a boiled duck fetus is just about as far away from vegetarianism as you can get:

A Management Program for Raising Breeder Duck

2009-05-21T00:28:00.000-07:00

All domestic poultry, including waterfowl, should be maintained on a quality commercial type feed. Feed quality, the amount of feed consumed, and the rate of body weight gain are extremely important in determining the rate and number of eggs produced. In the past, breeder ducklings raised on a restricted diet with specific target weights with age had superior egg production characteristics over breeder ducklings given feed continuously. A restricted or limited diet controls the nutrient intake to prevent the gain of excess body fat. Excessive body fat in hens interferes with the function of the reproductive tract. The reproductive tract can actually be blocked or pinched off as abdominal fat increases. Recent work with breeder Pekin ducklings has shown that overweight hens on the average produce approximately 20% fewer eggs than feed restricted hens during a typical laying cycle.

Recommended body growth rates and feeding schedules for young breeder ducklings are shown in Table 1. Feed in Table 1 is calculated as pounds of feed per 100 ducks. A developer diet (Table 2) should be fed until the ducks begin to lay eggs. After egg production commences, a breeder diet should be utilized.

The amount of feed in Table 1 may have to be adjusted according to the environmental temperature. During a severe cold spell, an additional 2-5 pounds of feed per 100 ducks may be required to maintain adequate growth or egg production. The drakes may have to be temporarily separated to achieve optimum body weight gain for both sexes. Drakes tend to be very aggressive in feeding behavior which can result in uneven feed consumption and weight distribution among hens and drakes. Be sure to have enough feeding space to reduce competition at feeders.

Since drakes are aggressive, they can often injure or even kill hens. Thus, a large number of drakes is not necessary to maintain a quality breeding flock. A ratio of four to one or five to one hens to drakes should be adequate to maintain fertility.

The reproductive performance of ducks is regulated by the length of daylight. Lighting programs generally use a combination of natural daylight and artificial lights to stimulate and maintain egg production and fertility in breeder flocks. Lighting schedules for replacement and recycled duckling breeder flocks are discussed in the following sections.

Replacement Flock

Hatching of breeder replacement flocks should be in June or July to rely on naturally decreasing daylengths in the following weeks. These ducklings should be raised separately from older breeder flocks to ensure proper nutrition, disease control, and lighting management. A good rule of thumb to follow is never grow-out young breeder birds on naturally increasing daylengths (Dec. 21 to June 21) or constant long daylengths using artificial lights (ie. 14 or 16 hours of light per day). When ducklings are hatched in June or July, use natural daylight until the ducklings are 22 weeks of age and then turn on the time clocks for the artificial lights to extend the light per day to 14 hours (photostimulation). At 24 weeks of age increase the daylength to 16 hours of light per day. If you are located in a section of the country which has a natural daylength longer than 16 hours, set the time clock to match the longest natural daylength. After sunset, one footcandle of artificial light intensity at the height of a duck's head is adequate to stimulate and maintain egg production. One footcandle is actually very dim light. If you held this document at arm's length under one footcandle of light, you would barely be able to read it.

The purchase of a good commercial duckling feed for the breeder flock is highly recommended. A developer diet (Table 2) is required until 22 weeks of age and then switch to a layer feed. The main ingredients of the developer diet (15.5% crude protein, 1330 Kcal/lb metabolizable energy (ME), and 1% calcium) are adjusted to promote growth of the skeletal and muscle systems. The concentrations of ingredients in the developer diet aid to prevent excess feed consumption and unnecessary body fat gain. As shown in Table 2, crude protein and calcium are increased in the breeder or layer diet to supply the additional needs for egg production. Give newly hatched ducklings continuous feed for one week.

Recycling a Flock

If the intent is to recycle, the following steps are recommended. In November or December, turn off the time clocks for the artificial lights to completely switch to natural daylengths. In December the natural daylength is at its shortest length (remember that reproduction is stimulated by long daylengths).

Completely remove all feed (sweep the troughs clean) from the breeder flock, but give ducks full access to water. The goal is to induce a molt and reduce body weights by 30%. About 50% or slightly more of the flock will drop most of their primary feathers. Take an average body weight after one week and again at nine days after feed removal. Either extrapolate with a weight loss curve over time or continue taking an average body weight every two or three days until a 30% decrease in body weight occurs. Some mortality may occur during the recycling period due to diseased birds. After the 30% body weight loss occurs, give the flock 27 pounds of molt diet feed (Table 2) every other day and follow the feeding schedule in Table 3. The crude protein and ME of the molt diet will maintain the recycled ducks' musculature and body size. The level of calcium (2.5%) in the molt diet is adjusted to replenish body reserves. When egg production commences, switch to the breeder diet.

The daily lighting program is very important during recycling of the breeder flock. After the flock has molted and given feed again, note the daylength of the natural day. Increase that length of daylight by 30 minutes per week using time clocks and artificial lights. This is called a step-up lighting schedule. Alternate the increase in daylength each week from the morning to the afternoon. In other words, increase the daylength by 30 minutes in the morning one week and again increase the daylength by 30 minutes in the evening during the next week. Do not exceed 16 hours of light per day unless you need to match a longer daylength in your area. Again, one footcandle of light intensity should be adequate. Follow this lighting schedule until the first egg appears. Switch to the breeder diet and increase the daylength to either 16 hours of light per day or to the longest natural daylength in your particular area. Follow the feeding schedule shown in Table 3 for a recycled flock.

Keep in mind that the performance of your breeder duck flock depends upon the management programs you practice. These guidelines should enable the typical breeder flock to maintain quality egg production from one to two years.

Large Homemade Incubators

2009-05-01T06:34:00.000-07:00

DUCK INCUBATOR

This is a kitchen refrigerator with the doors attached on the right and open in both photographs. The upper freezer compartment is shown in the first photograph. The 100 watt light bulbs in the photograph produce the heat and the bathroom exhaust fan blows the heated air down through the eggs. The air has previously traveled through the eggs and then is sucked by the fan up a false back thus returning the air to the freezer section of the refrigerator to be reheated and sent on its way again. Fresh air joins the air being heated as the fresh air is allowed to enter by keeping the freezer compartment door slightly (one quarter inch) ajar. To the left of the light bulbs is a wafer thermostat mounted in a handy box. A small part of the lower section is shown in the top photograph to help in orienting the lower photograph with the first photograph.

Duck, Chicken, And Quail Incubator
Made From Old Kitchen Refrigerator
Converted Freezer Area Is Pictured

Duck, Chicken, And Quail Incubator
Made From Old Kitchen Refrigerator
Converted Refrigerator Area Is Pictured

The three egg trays are connected by a strip of wood on each of the back corners. The arrangement was calibrated by leveling all three trays before attaching the strips of wood to the corners. For several years the incubator was operated as a "hand turner." By tilting one tray, all of the trays were tilted and the eggs were thus turned. Blocks were used to control the amount of the tilt. Later the automatic turner was added to the system. The thermostat system is a GQF electronic (#3258) thermostat backed by the wafer thermostat shown in the first photograph. The electronic thermostat is placed directly in the air flow coming from the fan in the upper compartment. The automatic turner is also a GQF. Probe thermometers are attached to the outside of the incubator (See G3) with the probes inserted through a hole and placed on the upper and lower trays. A wire basket sits under the three trays to catch babies that hatch in the trays and fall to the bottom. Most eggs are placed in the basket before they hatch. The wiring discussion below will describe the wiring procedure for this incubator. Since this is the only one of the incubators that has a turner, note the turner like the fan must be wired to be constantly available for use.

RHEA/EMU INCUBATOR

Rhea And Emu Incubator Made From
Old Restaurant Pie Safe

This is a restaurant pie safe. The air is heated by GQF heat cables which now replace the old refrigeration coils in the top of the unit. Air is sucked to the top of the incubator in the middle of the unit by a fan mounted in a chase as long as the incubator. The air is blown out the ends of the chase. Thus the air circulates in two circles. There is one circle on each end and in each case the circle is from the middle to the end, down to the bottom of the incubator, and back to the middle. The thermostat system is a GQF electronic (#3258) thermostat backed by a wafer thermostat. Both are placed at one end of the chase to be directly in the air flow pattern. The fan is the original refrigeration fan. This incubator is wired according to the wiring instructions below except that two 100 watt GQF heat cables have been substituted for light bulbs.

Rhea And Emu Incubator Made From
Old Restaurant Pie Safe
Converted To A Duck Incubator

As interest in raising rheas and emus waned the pie safe was converted to a duck incubator. The conversion required only the removal of the metal shelves followed by insertion of the shelf unit pictured below. It was not convenient to install an automatic turner so the trays were attached allowing the eggs to be turned by lifting or lowering any of the shelves. When one shelf moves they all move.

Insert For Conversion To A Duck Incubator

GOOSE INCUBATOR

G1 - Goose Incubator On Left, Rhea/Emu Or Goose Hatcher On
Right Made From Old School Two Door Refrigerator

This is a school-type refrigerator. The two doors are open and not shown in the G1 but can be seen in G2. The unit on the left is smaller than the unit on the right as the right side is slightly taller. Goose eggs can be kept at 99.7 on the left while rhea and emu eggs can be kept on the right at about a degree lower or the right can be used as a hatcher for goose eggs. The middle between the two units is an enclosed chase with four openings at the top and four openings at the bottom that extend from the left side through to the right side. Two 100 watt bulbs are mounted at the bottom in the two center openings in the chase and two 40 watt bulbs are mounted in the two center openings in the top of the chase. The 40 watt bulbs are turned off and on as needed to regulate the temperatures at the top and bottom of the incubator, while the major heat dependence is on the 100 watt bulbs.

G2 - Goose Incubator Showing Glow Side With Bulbs Off At The Top
Fans And Sheet metal blocks At The Bottom Plus Hatching Baskets

Note that there is a golden glow at the lower left and the upper right of the middle support in G1. The glow is produced by light bulbs which are turned on inside the chase and are in holes which are not blocked by sheet metal. The openings on the opposite side of each glow are blocked with sheet metal immediately in front of the bulbs as can be seen in G2 at the bottom of the right side. Air circulates from the top left down to bottom left, through the chase to bottom right, returns to top right, and through the chase to the top left . To make this action take place, fans are placed in the first and fourth openings on the opposite side of the glow with the two middle openings blocked. Literally they are mounted on the top left and bottom right of the chase. The fans are pulling air from the glow side through to the blocked side of the chase.

G3 - Goose Incubator Showing Thermometers
Observation Lights For Thermostats

The thermostat system is a GQF electronic (#3258) thermostat backed up by a wafer thermostat. Both placed directly in front of one of the upper fans as can be seen in G1 and G3. The fans are Radio Shack 4 inch fans. When the bottom fan motors needed replacing recently they were replaced with Gemline EM670 fans, but the Radio Shack fan casings were retained to protect the fan blades. The thermometers are Radio Shack indoor/outdoor thermometers with probes. Note that the thermometers are mounted on top of the incubator and the probes are inserted through a hole into the incubator as shown in G3. Two thermometers monitor each side with a probe on the highest and lowest shelf on each side. This thermometer arrangement allows for monitoring of temperature without opening the doors. A small fan not show in any of the photographs is placed below a hole in the chase that was formerly a refrigeration moisture drain. This fan constantly pulls fresh air into the chase which serves as the heating chamber and provides the needed fresh air, while allowing the air to be heated before being distributed into the incubator proper. A Radio Shack thermometer/humidity gauge hangs on the back wall of the left side. Humidity is controlled by placing a plastic pan full of water on the floor of the right side of the incubator.

This incubator is designed for the goose eggs to lie flat on the wire shelves. The eggs are turned 180 degrees three to four times daily. It has been our experience that goose eggs hatch better when placed on the side rather than the end. This incubator is constructed with all of the wiring rising through the chase. When the incubator is in use the fans are always on and the light bulbs are turned on by the thermostats when heat is need to keep the temperature at the desired level. The bulbs are 130 volt bulbs purchased at an electrical supply store. These bulbs give much better service than the normal 120 volt bulbs available at most retail outlets.

Wiring Of All Three Incubators Unless you have experience doing electrical wiring it is certainly best to call on someone who has the experience. If you choose to proceed on your own, do so at your own risk. I use a good grade of 16/3 (number 16 wire with a ground wire) to go from the wall socket to the incubator. Inside the incubator I take the plastic jacket off to make it possible to work with the black, white, and green wires. Be sure to not cut the outside coating on the black, white, and green wires except where you are making connections.

Wiring Scheme For
All Three Incubators

The green wire is the ground wire and I like to have one since the incubators are nearly all metal, thus the green wire is bolted to the metal cabinet. The black (main black) wire must lead to all of the fans and to the thermostats. Each fan must be wired individually to the black wire, then connected to the white (main white) wire. The electronic thermostat is connected to the main black wire along with the fans. Except that with my wiring scheme the white wire of the electronic thermostat connects to the main black wire. The black wire of the thermostat now connects to the main white wire. Please note these black/white combinations are a peculiarity of this thermostat and my use of it, although it is an option detailed in the wiring instructions which come with the thermostat. The wafer thermostat is connected to the electronic thermostat by the blue wire. The blue wire attaches to the black wire to which each light must be individually attached. The white wires from the lights must be attached to the main white wire. If I want a light on the outside to let me know what is going on inside the incubator, I can mount a light on the outside of the incubator with its black wire joinng the black wire for the other light bulbs and its white wire joining their white wires. To set the temperature on the thermostats I fill the incubator close to the thermometer probes with burned out light bulbs. I set the wafer thermostat first to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. It will be my backup. Finally I set the electronic thermostat at 99.7 degrees Fahrenheit. If the electronic should fail the wafer will keep the eggs from being heated to the point of ruin.

Circulation of the air and having the thermostat placed directly in the major flow of air are the most important aspects of constructing any incubator.

Culver Duck Farms Inc: Pride in Poultry

2009-04-30T21:00:00.000-07:00

Culver Duck raises and processes approximately 3.5 million ducks annually. Products include duck breasts and cooked duck halves in five flavors, as well as a variety of duck sausages.
_________

Food & Drink Magazine
Fall 2008

Culver Duck Farms Inc.: Pride in Poultry
By ALAM DORICH

Culver Duck Farms Inc. is a family owned business that takes pride in its work, Secretary and Treasurer Burt Culver says. Based in Middlebury, Ind., the company raises and processes approximately 3.5 million ducks annually.

Early on, Culver Duck recognized the value of the Asian marketplace and set on a path to grow ducklings that could meet the high standards required for Peking duck and other oriental dishes. That commitment later positioned Culver Duck for the natural food market, which also holds to a higher standard and recognizes the value of the breed and quality of Culver's product line.

Culver's great-great-great-grandfather, Warren W. Hallock, started the family business in 1858, when he began raising ducks in Speonk, N.Y. Since then, the company has relocated to its current location in Middlebury, which is "in the heart of Amish country," Culver adds.

Culver's father, Herb Culver, and mother, Marilyn, moved the family to the Midwest in 1959. With more than 70 years' experience in duck farming, Herb Culver is still actively involved in the business at age 83, while Marilyn retired just last year.

"The farming is good here, [and] with the Amish being here, we find good people to raise ducklings for us," Burt Culver says. Many locals have raised ducks for several generations.

Today, Culver Duck's products include duck breasts and cooked duck halves in five flavors, as well as duck sausages in a variety of flavors - and even lotions, soaps, BBQ sauces and rubs, and chicken products. It supplies its products to restaurants and specialty stores around the world.

In addition, the company has earned numerous awards for its products. In 2008, of the 2,100-plus entries in 31 categories at the Summer NASFT Fancy Food Show in New York City, Culver Duck won a Sofi Silver Award for Outstanding Product Line, while its Roasted Duck Half took home a Sofi Silver Award in the Outstanding Diet and Lifestyle category.

Defying Perceptions
Culver says he was "born and raised" in his family's business. "I started working at the age of 12 on the farm," he recalls, adding that he has spent the majority of his life at the company. "Many of us here have between 20 and 40 years' experience in the business," Culver added.

Although his family believes duck is an excellent meat product, the company encounters resistance from some consumers, Culver says.

For instance, at food shows, Culver Duck's products often surprise attendees, he says. When people visit Culver Duck's booth and try the product, "They love it," Culver says. "But if you tell them this is duck they are eating, they go, 'Duck?' It's foreign to them."

Often, consumers perceive duck meat as being unhealthy, Culver explains. "They don't understand that the duck today has been carefully bred and carefully fed a scientifically monitored, all-natural feed formulation containing no by-products and no animal fat, while producing 70 percent meat on the yield," he says.

Once known as a fatty meat, Culver's painstaking breeding selection processes have developed a white pekin duckling that is 42 percent less fatty with a 45 percent higher meat yield, according to Drew Frey, director of farm operations - the company's resident statistician.

In addition, "It has the nutrition of poultry and the quality of steak," Culver asserts. "Duck breast meat has about half the fat of chicken breast meat."

Moving Up
Culver Duck recently introduced fully cooked duck halves that come in six flavors: Andouille, BBQ Rub, Bistro, Cranberry Chipotle, Roasted and Sesame-Ginger. The company is now working on other items, including duck confit. "It's a classic duck dish," Culver explains, adding that the company is developing the product with a chef at the Le Petit Paris restaurant in Chicago.

Culver Duck also has started supplying its duck breast product in four flavors - Honey-Orange, Cajun, Teriyaki and Original - as well as its All Natural Whole Duckling to Bell & Evans, a poultry company based in Fredericksburg, Pa. "That moves [us] to an upscale market," he says.

price of duck eggs in banyuwangi

2009-04-17T06:11:00.000-07:00

egg is a healthful food, so also in indonesia, breeders in indonesia is the most traditional duck breeder, they put out a living from livestock duck,
price of duck eggs in indonesia especially in Banyuwangi april months is
==> 0:15 dollar per particle,

==> The price day Old duck (DOD) 0.5 U.S. dollar
==> Productive duck price is 3.5 dollars per head

Lending Model Information System for Small-Scale Enterprises

2009-04-14T19:57:00.000-07:00

SALTED EGG INDUSTRY

PRODUCTION ASPECT

PRODUCTION PROCESS

The process of producing salted eggs practiced in this study of financing pattern was that of wrapping with the mixture of salt and clay. The flow diagram of the process is the following:

Figure 4.1. Flow Diagram Of Salted Egg Making Process

The production process by wrapping eggs with a dough/mixture used in salted egg industry is the following:

a. Selection of Duck Eggs

The selection of ducks eggs is done when they are bought from duck breeders, where duck eggs of bad quality will be rejected. The selection of eggs in the location of the industry is done while the eggs is about to be mixed with the dough. There is hardly any failure in this process, in which among 1000 eggs, there will only be one egg having a defect (one per mil).

The process of selecting duck eggs before mixing it with the dough consist of two tests: checking the strength of the egg shell (by hitting two eggs with each other) and checking the condition of the shell (observed visually in case there is a crack) (Photo 4.1).

Photo. 4.1.Process of Selecting Duck Eggs

b. Dough Making

The dough used in the process of wrapping duck egg is a mixture betweensalt, clay, or ground red brick. Salt is the main supporting materialas it creates the salty taste and function as a preserving material. Italso minimizes oxygen loss (oxygen is needed by bacteria), stopping theactivity of proteolitic enzyme (enzyme destroying protein) absorbingwater from inside the eggs. The ratio of salt and clay to make dough is1:3 (Table 4.1), which are then mixed thoroughly and form very thickporridge.

Table 4.1.
Composition Of Materials For Salting Dough/Mixture Per Month (Capacity of 150,000 eggs)

Composition Of Dough	Unit	Total
1. Salt	kg	1,500
2. Clay	kg	4,500

Source : Primary Data

c. Ripening

The process of keeping eggs in the salting dough is a determining factor for the saltiness of the eggs produced (Photo 4.2). The process is produced by putting selected duck eggs into a container/bucket containing the dough. After all the surface of the eggs is covered with the dough, the eggs are packed in a wooden box already prepared for the ripening process (Photo 4.3). The best ripening is (within) ten days. However, the time needed for the ripening is adjusted to the taste preferred by consumers of the eggs, as the longer the ripening the more salt penetrates into the egg and the saltier.

Photo 4.2. Process of Applying Salting Dough On Eggs

Photo 4.3. Ripening Process

d. Washing

The washing of eggs is one to get rid of the remain of salting dough stuck on the eggs. This is done by scrubbing the shells of the eggs with a brush wetted with detergent liquid (Photo 4.4).

Photo 4.4. Process of Washing Salted Eggs

After being washed, the eggs are soaked to make them free from remains of the dough and soap stuck in the egg shells (Photo 4.5)

Photo 4.5. Process of Soaking Salted Eggs

e. Boiling

Boiling is done to make the raw salted eggs well done. This process is done in saucepans of various sizes with the capacity ranging from 500 – 1500 eggs at a time of boiling (Photo 4.6). It takes more or less 3-5 hours. After boiling, salted eggs can last 21 days for consumption.

Photo. 4.6. Process of Boiling Salted Eggs

f. Straining And Stamping

After being boiled, salted eggs are taken out of the saucepan and then strained. The process is done on a place on which the eggs are let to dry land cool. The next is stamping of the brand and production code.

Photo 4.7. Straining of Salted Eggs

Photo 4.8. Stamping of The Brand And Production Code

g. Storage

The last stage of the production process is packing the stamped eggs in various forms of packaging such as plastic (Photo 4.9). Before being transported, the eggs are packed and kept in wooden boxes (Photo 4.10).

Bird Flu is Top Disease Concern in Asia

2009-04-02T02:41:00.000-07:00

Interviews with some of the leading exhibitors in the special show sector, Eggs!, at VIV Asia in Bangkok in March revealed that avian influenza remains top of the list of disease concerns in Asia, reports Jackie Linden, editor of ThePoultrySite.

"Of course, for an animal health company such as Intervet/Schering Plough Animal Health, controlling poultry diseases is our foremost concern. For Asia, the main disease that will continue to have an impact on the industry in several Asian countries will be avian influenza, despite the fact that major accomplishments have been made in the control of the disease," answered Ruud Aerdts when he was asked about the leading disease concerns of the egg industry in Asia.

Mr Aerdt's opinion was echoed by all the other interviewees who represented different sectors of the egg industry.

Mr McCawley of Big Dutchman highlighted the potentially drastic effects of the disease throughout the industry and across the world. "[Avian influenza] affects the industry as it causes reduced consumer demand, which has a direct impact on prices. Everyone in the supply chain – from manufacturers to farm managers – is, of course, forced to react to the persisting danger of avian influenza. And it is not only an issue of local concern but can easily affect the entire industry on a worldwide scale."

P. Degraeve of Petersime also identified avian influenza as the disease most harmful to his company's customers. "The potential negative impact of AI on hatchery operations and poultry integrators is devastating since it threatens all segments of the poultry production pyramid: breeding stock, commercial layers and commercial broilers alike," he said. He also raised the impact on consumer confidence and demand, saying, "A sustained drop in poultry consumption would no doubt slow down or even halt all capital expenditure in the hatchery industry."

"Avian influenza still remains a major threat since it not only causes damage to flocks impacting productivity and high morbidity and mortality but also causes wide concern and panic in human population and has a negative impact on egg consumption," said Dr D. Joardar of Novus International.

Dr R. Preisinger from Lohmann Tierzucht agreed. He said, "Our major concern still is, without a doubt, avian influenza."

He emphasised how the disease has changed the industry. "The industry is trying to cope with this problem by eradication and vaccination. Therefore, it is imperative that all producers improve their biosecurity. After all, prevention is definitely better than cure," he explained.

Paul Buisman of Moba agreed with the other interviewees, whilst also mentioning foodborne bacteria as a significant concern to the egg processing industry. "Producers of egg handling, packing and processing equipment fear those diseases most that will influence consumers' behaviour. Compared to Salmonella problems that have proven to be a negative perception of poultry and eggs, avian influenza is certainly the most feared disease," he said.

Two of those interviewed mentioned other disease concerns. "Newcastle disease is frequently encountered; mostly, subclinical manifestations are observed. Chicken anaemia is another emerging disease, which, in spite of vaccination, is seen frequently," commented Dr Joardar.

Mr Aerdts explained, "Other diseases that are playing a role are respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, mycoplasma and infectious laryngotracheitis. Fortunately, innovative disease control tools are becoming available, enabling the industry to control these diseases in a safe and effective way.

"Consumers will increasingly demand meat and eggs that are free from contamination with food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella. The animal health industry is able to offer the poultry industry support by developing vaccines that can help poultry producers to improve the food safety aspects of their products. Preventative measures also reduce the need for treatment," said Mr Aerdts of Intervet/Schering Plough Animal Health.

March 2009

Banyuwangi and the culture of duck

2009-03-19T22:27:00.000-07:00

surfing in plengkung beach

natural Banyuwangi save the beautiful memories of a million,

Banyuwangi beach

beauty is also in view of the number of traditional farm duck can not imagine the beauty if we do not visit there, the green rice fields, natural clean peace without pollution, the custom is still awake, ducks breeder there still wear the traditional way in maintaining the duck

The Duck Of Banyuwangi

2009-03-19T21:39:00.000-07:00

who does not know the duck, from poor countries to have a modern state duck there.
in indonesian, especially in the east jawa jawa precisely the Banyuwangi far, there are also duck population. here duck raised in the traditional, morning ducks released in the rice field ducks in the evening to take home cage.

east java Banyuwangi especially true once the environment is support for maintaining duck (angon Bebek)

incubatior is also a simple manual machine incubation

INCUBATOR

Banyuwangi with a visit to the natural environment which is beautiful is fun, we can see the ducks are looking for food in the rice paddy fields carpet the turn, the beautiful natural Banyuwangi, we can feel the sensation that does not have both of them in the world

Kisar Duck, the Crossbreeding between Muscovy and Alabio Duck, as Potential Meat Breeds Duck with the High Selling Price. (Barito Kuala, South Kaliman

2009-02-17T06:02:00.000-08:00

Barito Kuala is SPFS project sites is located in South Kalimantan which is categorized as a swampy area. One of the SPFS activity which has started in the beginning 2003 is duck intensification. Through FGDP (Farmer’s Group Development Plan) Duck intensification was perceived as appropriate farming activities consider the environment in the Barito Kuala (Figure 1). These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. Moreover, they are well adapted to rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other aquatic areas.

There are 900 Alabio ducks (Anas platyrhun-chos borneo) which provided by SPFS (Figure 2). Alabio duck is a common duck breeds in Indonesia which originally come from South Kalimantan and categorized as egg laying duck. This kind of ducks usually is set free in wet, swampy, and boggy place. In Barito Kuala, breeding Alabio duck is quite simple because they can look after themselves and find much of their food such as small fish, snails and slugs.

Moreover, they also can be kept in the small barn. A small barn (Figure 3) can be established at low cost.

Alabio duck may lay 330 eggs in a year if they get good food. They lay most their eggs during the night or in the very early morning, not during the day. Although Alabio duck is classified as egg laying duck, they do not hatch their own eggs. There are special treatments in hatching the Alabio’s eggs. If using an incubator, the eggs must be turned each day and sprinkled with water to keep the eggs moist.

Besides Alabio ducks there are also other duck species which also common to bred in Barito Kuala. The Muscovy ducks (Carlina Moschata) (Figure 4) is distinctly different genetically from common ducks. This breed is believed to have originated in South America, although ancient records of this or a similar breed have been found in Egypt. Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chicken can be kept. Their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.

From the beginning of the year 2004, the farmer groups in Barito Kuala started to do natural crossbreeding between male Alabio and female Muscovie which result in high quality meet breed duck. In Barito Kuala they are well known as Kisar or Tiktok duck (Figure 5). There are some superiorities of Kisar duck compare to the other duck.

1.The Kisar duck selling price is much higher than Alabio and Muscovy duck. For the selling price of male Kisar duck is around 25.000 IDR- 30.000 IDR and for the Female Kisar is about 10.000 IDR E15.000 IDR. The female Kisar duck is cheaper than the male one because of its smaller size.
2.The size of Kisar duck is bigger than Alabio and Muscovy duck.
3.The Kisar duck is more diseases resistant.
4.The best meat quality.

Generally, male Alabio duck is unable/ afraid to mate with female Muscovy. One of the ways to make male Alabio brave enough to mate naturally with the female Muscovy, first, Alabio eggs must be hatched by the female Muscovy duck (Figure 6). When they have grown up, they will mate easily with Muscovy duck.

Muscovy duck is known as best hatching duck. If given good soft nests they will often go broody easily. It takes 28 days for duck eggs to hatch. If the Muscovy duck will not sit for this length of time put the eggs under another sitting duck. Reducing the amount of protein in the food makes ducks stay broody.

If Muscovy duck starts to lay her own eggs, she may go broody and sit on them. If this happens, wait for the time that the duck leaves the nest and goes to the water. Then her eggs can be lifted and the other eggs put into her nest. A duck can usually sit on 20 or even 30 eggs, but it must be a large duck and she must cover the eggs properly when sitting on them.

Furthermore, the crossbreeding also can be done by artificial insemination. To get the male duck sperm, male duck is stimulated to produce sperm by keeping and mating the male duck and female duck in the same small barn. When the sperm is just to come out, prepare a storage tube and keep the sperm in the tube. There is about 2mm E3mm sperm can be produced by one male Alabio duck and it can be used to impregnate about 40 female ducks. This artificial insemination is not yet applied in Barito Kuala to breed the Kisar duck because higher skill is required.

-Impact of the Technology-
Through SPFS activities, Barito Kuala now has successfully enabled to do duck breeding. With the simple technology of the natural crossbreeding between Muscovy and Alabio duck, the farmers in Barito Kuala can get extra income by selling Kisar duck which is famous with its superior meat.

Duck Projects

2009-02-17T05:46:00.000-08:00

Rowosari Village, East Java

This project involves a local farmers' organisation from the village of Rowosari called "Bintang Tani", which was established in 1987.The project will be implemented in partnership with the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Jember (UNEJ) in Regency of Jember, East Java, Indonesia.

Rowosari is located in the mountainous areas of Jember, East Java where there are no opportunities for crop production, but where activities such as livestock rearing are well suited.

Through the sales of eggs, chicks and adult ducks the project aims to improve the status of women, reduce poverty and increase local employment. Each household will be provided with thirty ducks which, it is anticipated, can be repaid with juvenile ducklings to the community fund within 10-12 months. These animals can then either be sold to provide a community fund to purchase more ducks, or essential services defined by the community, or passed on to new community group members.

Rowosari Village, East Java

This project works with a local farmers' organisation from the vilalge of Barat Sawah, 37 km south east of Jember with a population of approximately 2,700. The village is located in the sub-district of Sumberjambe in the Regency of Jember, East Java. The community group called "Tani Jaya II", which was established in 1990. This project is also being implemented in partnership with the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Jember in Regency of Jember,

Due to the bad whether in the region during the monsoon period (December – January) it was hard to purchase ducks to be distributed to the farmers group. Due to an increase in the price of ducks of 30% from July, when ducks were bought for Rowosari village, only 12 farmers received ducks compared with 15 in Rowosari.

BALI DUCK

2009-01-10T05:41:00.000-08:00

bali ducks

The Bali duck is an ancient breed of considerable significance. Ducks of upright carriage have been found carved in the stone of the temples of Asia dating back some two thousand years. Many waterfowl authorities believe the Bali duck to be the originator of the Indian Runner.
The erect 80 degree carriage of the Bali is accentuated by a long body that is somewhat heavier than itís Indian Runner cousin, and resting snugly on the back of the head of an ideal Balinese is a golf ball sized crest. Most Bali that are reared outside of Indonesia are white, although brown is the common colour in their homeland.
While Bali ducks are good egg layers producing a blue/green to white egg, they are still rare outside of their homeland. They have not yet been selectively bred for egg production unlike their Indian Runner cousins, however the Bali duck is a beautiful and fascinating breed.
A crested vertically built duck visually a crested Indian Runner available in many colours with few standardised colours ** The Bali has shoulders the Runner does not**
Country Of Origin;......... Bali, Mentioned in all the 1870's books
Carriage;. .erect 80 degree carriage
Purpose;..........Eggs../ exhibition
Eggs.............100 /200........blue ..large
Breed Defects. .. . . .dished bill needs to be straight as in Runners
Breed Hints..... . Kept as trio or pair .. will go broody and hatch
Weights;5 to 6 pounds
Flying .. . .can fly if startled This breed like all crested is difficult to breed with a higher than average proportion of dead in shell ducklings

The Lethal Crested Gene
This gene is a dominant gene with a lethal variant. If C=crested and p=plain non-crested, it works like this:
Crested Drake =C p (this means that a crested drake in a pen can turn any breed crested)
Crested Duck = C CC Cp
their offspring will be:- pp is a non-crested duckling,....Cp is a crested duckling,..CC (theoretically crested) dies in the shell due to skull deformities.

Genetic profile White/ Gene :Recessive white / symbol c / Recessive.
This gene is responsible for the white in common white breeds. In the homozygous state, recessive white masks all other color genes . Ie if a white male is used he will pass on his colour over that of the ducks

Genetic prof'ile Mallard Colour / Gene ; Mallard/ symbol M+
Dominant to dusky (md) but recessive to restricted (mallard), MR
Dominant to dusky (md) but recessive to restricted (mallard), MR. Allows expression of wild-type plumage coloration. Breed examples are Rouen and Brown (grey) Call basically all with mallard colouration as in the Bali

Gene : Crest symbol Cr / Incompletely dominant
Incompletely dominant and lethal in homozygous state.

Eggshell colour/ symbol G+/ The buff-green color of the wild mallard type eggshell. The genes responsible for the blue/green and white eggshell colours have not been investigated as yet

........Breeders

R.Sturmey / Wiltshire./ 01985 850447,/ r.sturmey@ukonline.co.uk

Miss L. Ewan,,/ Lancashire / 07951 735 599

Sandra Farrar,/ Shropshire/ 01588 650 390

Richard Sadler,/ Cheshire/ 07816 622 868

HICKS WATERFOWL WORLD / OSWESTRY / Tel 01691 655 635 weekends
Tel 07818 036 118 weekdays or grahamhickss@hotmail.co.uk

http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/Ducks/Runners/BRKBali.html

Please note that photographs and text on this site belong to the Domestic Waterfowl Club of Great Britain. They should not be reprinted (commercially especially on ebay) without prior permission but are freeely available for educational purposes and can be printed up for classroom use; we do not have printed fact sheets/booklets for sale etc but can occasionally email uncompressed digital images.

duck meat

2009-01-05T06:19:00.000-08:00

all about duck

2008-12-27T21:08:00.000-08:00

Amazon.com Widgets

The layer duck

2008-12-25T04:59:00.000-08:00

The difference between duck breast and succulent 'Magret' goes beyond definition. Magret refers to the breasts of ducks that have been fed and raised to produce foie gras. The result? A generously large, tender and leaner meat than regular duck. You'll find that this fresh Magret is reminiscent of a red meat than a blander poultry meat. Made to be prepared tenderly, flash-frozen to preserve the integrity of the flavor and give you the most authentically delicious flavor.INGREDIENTS: Duck breast, salt, water, sugar, spices, natural flavoring sodium erythorbate, sodium nitrite.

Product Dimensions: 26 pounds
Shipping Weight: 29.9 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
ASIN: B001NCMA3O
Average Customer Review: No customer reviews yet. Be the first.
Amazon.com Sales Rank: #6,442 in Gourmet Food (See Bestsellers in Gourmet Food)
Popular in this category: (What's this?)
#22 in Gourmet Food > Meat & Seafood > Poultry > Duck
Date first available at Amazon.com: December 14, 2006

ADVERTISING

2008-12-04T05:16:00.000-08:00

you can rent a page with this pay $ 5 per month
to our account number liberty reverse
Account Number : U4260935

Duck Nutrition

2008-12-04T05:11:00.000-08:00

William F. Dean, Ph.D.

Regardless of how ducks obtain their food, whether it be by scavenging, or consuming a complete ration, the food consumed must contain all the nutrients, in an available form, that are needed for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Feeding practices will depend in part on the number of ducks raised. If only a few ducks are kept by a household, and they have access to areas where they can forage, they may be able to survive, grow and lay eggs by consuming available food such as green plants, insects, snails, frogs, and table scraps. Under such conditions, ducks will likely grow very slowly and produce a small number of eggs. Herded ducks are an exception, but they require access to large areas where food is available and the care of a herdsman. If keepers of small home flocks want better growth and more eggs they will have to provide supplemental feed. At a minimum they will have to feed some grain. As the size of a home flock increases, it becomes more likely that the flock will not be able to get enough food by foraging and supplemental feeding will become necessary. If more than a few ducks are to be kept, or if increased performance is desired, there are a number of choices of feeding practices: (1) If available and affordable, purchase nutritionally complete commercially prepared duck feeds. If duck rations are not available, and chicken feeds are, they will serve as a satisfactory substitute. (2) If poultry feed concentrates, which when fed with grain constitute a nutritionally complete diet, are available at a reasonable price, this may be a good option. The grain can sometimes be purchased from local farmers at a favorable price. (3) For those with sufficient knowledge of nutrition and feed formulation, complete duck rations may be mixed on the farm. This approach is dependent upon the availability of feed ingredients and vitamin and mineral premixes at affordable prices. Small batches can be mixed by turning the feed on a clean floor with a shovel.

Nutrient requirements of ducks
Ducks require the same nutrients as chickens, but in slightly different amounts, and particularly in terms of the ratio of each nutrient to the energy concentration of the diet.

Protein
Ducks, like other poultry, do not actually require "protein" but the individual amino acids contained in dietary proteins. The proteins in the diet are broken down during digestion to amino acids which are absorbed and used by the duck to make its own body proteins, such as those in muscle and feathers. Certain of these amino acids must be supplied in the diet because the duck cannot make them from other sources. These are called essential amino acids. When formulating feeds for ducks, primary attention is paid to meeting the ducks essential amino acid requirements. Protein levels that meet the ducks amino acid requirements may vary slightly, depending upon the amino acid content of the ingredients used in each formulation.

Feed quality
One of the most common causes of poor feed quality is failure to dry grains and other feedstuffs properly before storage. If grains that are too high in moisture are stored, without turning or aeration, the grain will heat up and mold and some of its nutritive value will be destroyed. As explained elsewhere, some molds may produce toxins that are particularly harmful to ducks. Make sure that the grains and other foodstuffs used in duck feeds were properly dried and are free of molds and other contamination. If table scraps, bakery waste, wet mash or other feeds high in moisture are fed, feed only what ducks will clean up in a day. If such feed remains in troughs longer, it will likely become moldy. Feedstuffs that are to be stored for very long should contain no more than 10-12% moisture.

Water
Plenty of clean drinking water should be available to ducks at least 8-12 hours per day. In some management systems it is advantageous to shut off feed and water at night to help maintain litter inside buildings in a dry condition. This applies to breeder ducks or market ducks over 3 weeks of age. If done properly, this practice is not harmful and has no effect on performance during periods of moderate temperatures. During periods when temperatures are above 90ºF, drinking water should be available in the evening until the temperature has dropped below 80°F, or else made available all night. Ducks do not require water for swimming in order to grow and reproduce normally. However, providing some water for wading or swimming can be beneficial, especially in hot climates. Ducks can expel excess heat through their bill and feet when allowed contact with water that is appreciably below their body temperature (107°F, 41.7°C). Water temperatures of 50-70°F (10-21°C) are ideal for ducks.

Hatching Duck Eggs

2008-12-04T05:02:00.000-08:00

William F. Dean, Ph.D., and Tirath S. Sandhu, DVM, Ph.D.

Much of the information available on incubating and hatching chicken eggs can be applied to ducks, as long as the important differences between these two species are taken into account. Since duck eggs are larger than chicken eggs, setting trays must be designed to accommodate their larger size. Eggs from common ducks like Pekins require 28 days to hatch. Eggs from Muscovy ducks hatch in about 35 days after setting. When larger numbers of duck eggs are to be hatched, large commercial incubators (setters) and hatchers are normally used. Pekin duck eggs are kept in a setter for 25 days and then transferred on the 25th day to a hatcher where they remain until they hatch on the 28th day. Eggs are automatically turned while in the setter (usually hourly). It is not necessary to turn eggs in the hatcher. Basic procedures and conditions for hatching duck eggs are as follows.

1. If the incubator is not already in operation, start the incubator and allow the temperature and humidity to stabilize a day or two before setting eggs. Set the temperature at 37.5°C (99.5°F) and relative humidity at 55% (84.5°F on wet bulb thermometer). Set ventilation as recommended by the incubator manufacturer. Eggs must be turned, either automatically or by hand, a minimum of 4 times a day. Most automatic turning devices are set to change the position of the eggs hourly.

2. Select eggs to be set by carefully inspecting and candling them at the time they are put in setting trays. Do not set eggs that are cracked, double yolked, misshapen, oversized, undersized or dirty. For best results, set eggs within 1-3 days from the time they were laid. There is an average loss of about 3% hatchability for eggs stored 7 days before setting, and about 10% loss for those stored 14 days. Always set eggs with the small end down, except in the case of small incubators that have no trays. If eggs have been stored in a cooler, take them out of the cooler the night before setting and allow them to warm to room temperature.

3. On the day of setting, put eggs in incubator, close the doors and allow the incubator to reach operating temperature. Check frequently to make sure the incubator is working properly the first day, and continue checking thereafter at least four times a day.

4. At about seven days after setting, candle the eggs and remove any eggs that are infertile (clear) or have dead germ (cloudy).

5. At 25 days after setting (Pekin eggs), the eggs are transferred to hatching trays, and if eggs are hatched in a separate machine, moved to the hatcher. Candle and remove eggs with dead embryos. At the time of transfer, the temperature of the hatcher should be set at 37.2°C (99°F) and the humidity set at 65% (88°F wet bulb). As the hatch progresses, and eggs begin to pip, increase the humidity to 80% (93°F wet bulb), and increase ventilation openings by about 50%. As the hatch nears completion gradually lower the temperature and humidity so that by the end of the hatch the temperature is at 36.1°C (97°F), and the humidity is at 70% (90°F wet bulb). Vents should be opened to their maximum setting by the end of the hatch. Remove ducklings from the hatcher when 90-95% of them are dry.

Proper Water Loss During Incubation
As the duckling develops inside the egg there is a loss of water from the egg and an increase in the size of the air cell. If the duckling is developing normally, the air cell should occupy about one-third of the space inside the egg at 25 days of incubation (common ducks). Weight loss can also be used as a guide. Common duck eggs should lose about 14% of their weight at time of setting by 25 days.

Natural Incubation.
Duck eggs may be hatched naturally by placing them under a broody duck or even a broody chicken hen. Muscovy ducks are very good setters, capable of hatching 12-15 duck eggs. The nest box should be located in a clean dry shelter, bedded with suitable litter. Feed and water should be available for the broody duck and for the ducklings when they hatch.

Egg Storage
If eggs are stored for a while before they are set, they should be stored at a temperature and humidity level that will minimize deterioration of the egg. For a small number of eggs, storage in a cellar may suffice. Whenever possible, store eggs at about 55°F (13°C) and 75% of relative humidity. Store eggs small end down.

Khaki Campbell

2008-12-04T04:54:00.000-08:00

The Khaki Campbell was developed in England during the early 1900's by Adele Campbell. It was admitted to the American Standard in 1941. Though originally a cross of Indian Runner, Mallard, and Rouen, Campbells exceed all of these and most chicken breeds in egg production, with some strains averaging 300 eggs per year. They do not require special care or artificial lighting to produce a large number of eggs, which are white and weight about 2.5 ounces (not much larger than a Leghorn egg). Thought not usually raised for meat, Khakis make high quality, lean roasters of 3-4 pounds; they average 4-5 pounds as adults. Campbells are extremely hardy, are excellent foragers, and are at home on land as well as in water. They eat large quantities of slugs, snails, insects, algae, and mosquitos from ponds, but do not require swimming water to stay healthy. The ducks are mainly khaki colored and the drakes have greenish-bronze heads with brown-bronze tails, backs, and necks. They have green bills.

Status: Minor. Though still not common, the Khaki Campbell is thought to be growing in popularity as an egg-layer and backyard duck. Exhibition Khakis do not have the same characteristics as production types.

Reference:

The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, Box 477, Pittsboro, N.C. 27312

The model model incubator the egg, was used to hatch the egg

2008-11-19T21:52:00.000-08:00

Hatching Duck Eggs

2008-11-17T21:43:00.000-08:00

Following are general conditions recommended for hatching eggs & egg incubators:

Incubation Period
Hatching Period

Days 1 through 25
Days 26 through 28
Temperature
99.5° Farenheit
98.5° Farenheit
Humidity
86%
94%
Turns Per Day
3, 5, or 7
Stop Turning
Notes:
1.
Opinions vary on the exact proper temperature. Many publications recommend higher temperatures because they are advising hatcheries who hatch much larger numbers of eggs. These temperature recommendations seem to work best for the Octagon Incubators that we offer.

2.
Humidity - It is very difficult to measure relative humidity in small incubators so this is one of those areas where you have to do your best to estimate. In the Octagon 10 incubator, we suggest just covering one of the two air holes to increase relative humidity a little bit. (Do NOT cover both air holes as the embryos do need air).

3.
If you don't have an auto-turner, most experts suggest turning the eggs an odd number of times each day up until a couple days before the hatching period. The odd number of turns causes the embryo to "sleep" on a varying side each nite.
Fertility Rates & Candling Duck Eggs
You can candle your eggs after seven days of incubation. This involves touching a small bright flashlight to the top of each egg and observing the growth and progress of the egg. If you find your fertility is less than 70% of the eggs that you bought

What to look for when candling duck eggs at various incubation periods...1.2.3.
4.5.6.7.
1) Clear when candled – may be infertile or had a very early death (when candled at 8 days).2) Embryo with red blood “ring” – early death when candled at 8 days.3) Fertile with red blood vessels – after 8 days.4) Red or black staining – early death when candled at 8 days.5) Dark outline with ill defined detail – possible late death (10 – 16 days) Give them a little more time though.6) Live embryo with bill in air sack – due to hatch in 24 – 48 hours.7) Normal development of air pocket according to number of days.

Incubation Tips
If your incubator doesn’t have a fan, measure the temperature half way up the side of the eggs but not touching them. Without a fan, the warm air rises and you will get a false reading if you place your thermometer on top of the eggs.
Humidity Readings
If your egg incubator is big enough there are some ways to measure humidity. One way to make your own wet bulb thermometer is to place the end of a short, hollow shoestring over the end of a thermometer. Place the other end in a container of water and put it all in the incubator. As the water evaporates from the cloth, the thermometer is cooled. If the air is very dry, much water evaporates from the cloth, cooling the thermometer. If the air is very humid, less evaporates which cools the thermometer less and a higher temperature is recorded. You can adjust the humidity by increasing the amount of water in the incubator or reducing ventilation.
Reading relative humidity is one of the more difficult things to do in a small incubator. Duck eggs require a little more humidity than chicken eggs do. Most small egg incubators (those that hold less than 40 eggs) have a well or two that holds water and generally don’t have an easy way to measure humidity. Try to follow the instructions included with the incubator as close as possible.
Turning Your Eggs
Turning your eggs is critical during the first week of incubation. Commercial egg incubators turn eggs every hour. If your incubator does not have an automatic egg turner, then a good tip is to turn your eggs an odd number of times each day. This is important so you don’t leave the eggs laying on the same side each night which is the longest period of time they go each day without turning. Draw a small pencil line on one side of each egg. Then when you turn them, it will be easy to see that you switched them from one side to the other. In small incubators, most eggs are turned on their sides. Try to set the eggs so that the large end of the egg with the air sac is higher than the small end.
Misting Your Eggs
Some breeders suggest that you spray waterfowl eggs daily. This can be done with a small amount of slightly warmed water. You can then leave the incubator open for a minute or so afterwards. Sometimes this can be of benefit. If you do it, start at day 7 and do not spray after day 25. The actual consequences of spraying are interesting. It changes the membrane of the egg so a greater percentage of moisture is lost during incubation. Ideally, a duck egg looses about 13% of its weight between the time it is laid and day 25 of incubation. Loosing significantly more or less than this reduces hatchability.
Should You Help Your Hatchlings?
Many people want to help their ducklings hatch. It is best to allow them to do the hatching themselves. The only time you want to help them is when they make a hole and then cannot progress because they are stuck in that spot. If an actual hole is made, and you can see the duckling, but no progress is made for 12 hours, you can gingerly help the duckling. If blood appears where you break pieces off the shell, stop and wait several hours. If the duckling gets stuck after it has started to break a circle around the egg, it can usually be helped without a problem. But if they are progressing on their own, let them be.
Incubator Temperature and Variances
It is important that the incubator not get too warm or too cold, as it will affect the eggs. Several hours of too high temperature is more dangerous than several hours of too cool a temperature. If your electricity goes out or you must move your incubator, do not worry, but do watch that it does not become too cold. Find somewhere to get it turned back on again and monitor the temperature closely until you are sure you are back at a steady incubation temperature.
The length of incubation time varies. For Mallards, it is about 26.5 to 27 days. For Runners, it is about 28.5 days. All others are about 28 days. If your eggs are old or the incubator is cool, incubation can take longer. If it is too warm, incubation will be completed sooner. Muscovy eggs take around 35 days to incubate. They are sort of the odd lot of the duck family.
More On Candling
Eggs can be candled after about seven days of incubation. The advantage of candling is that you can remove infertile or rotten, infected eggs. Eggs are candled in a dark room by shining a flashlight or other bright light into the egg. You should look for veins going from the interior of the egg to the air sac. If you see no clear, distinct blood veins, the chances are that the embryo never developed or died early on. So that you can know what an infertile egg looks like when it is candled, also candle a regular infertile egg that has not been incubated at all. You can see the darker, orange shadow of the yolk. If you are not sure if the embryo is alive or not, return it to the incubator. The only eggs you do not want to return are the infected eggs. They are normally dark and blotchy inside and may also appear darker through the shell in normal lighting. If they are returned, the bacteria may continue to grow and you risk the possibility of them exploding in your incubator. You also risk infecting other eggs.
If the embryo dies within the first several days, often there is a ring or a streak of blood through the egg. Most embryo deaths occur the first or last several days of incubation. It is during these periods that the most critical development occurs.
Waterfowl eggs have a greater tendency to rot and cause problems for two reasons. The first is that ducks are not as clean in their nests and the eggs are often soiled. Waterfowl also take longer to develop, allowing another week for bacteria to grow.
All of our eggs are washed immediately after collection to reduce the bacterial load on the shell surface. We use a quaternary ammonia compound that has a residual bacteriastat. It is important to keep your incubator clean and wash it out after each group of egg hatches. You want each set of eggs to be in a clean, disinfected environment as the temperature and humidity in an incubator are ideal for the growth of bacteria.
Holding Eggs Before The Incubation Period
Eggs can be held for about a week before incubation without a problem. The ideal holding temperature is about 60 degrees. A refrigerator is too cold. Development of the embryo only begins when the egg is warmed to the correct temperature.
Caring for Your Ducklings After They Hatch
Keep them warm and to feed them as follows...
Small ducks need warmth (they can't supply it themselves). You need to buy or make a "brooder" for their warmth and protection.
To make one yourself, get a big box and hang a light bulb in there that is close enough to give off some heat but not so close that the little guy can get burnt. Don't let him touch it. The box should be big enough so that the little guy can move closer to the heat when he is warm and move away from the heat when he is too hot. He'll find his own comfort level. Always be careful about placing lights and electrical wires safe and secure to prevent fires.
The best "bedding" is an old bath towel. Don't use hay or straw. It just sticks to them and is harder to clean. Don't use newspaper either as they tend to be unable to get their footing and sometimes this causes "splayed legs" (Good footing when they are small helps their legs to develop more properly).
Since ducklings hatched in captivity are separated from their natural mom, they should not be placed in water for too long at all and especially without constant supervision. Instinctually they love playing in the water, but since their oil glands are not able to produce enough oil to keep them afloat they'll drown easily. In nature baby ducklings get their water resistant oils from their moms until they are five or six weeks old and their own oil glands begin to function. The bottom line is that baby ducks love to swim but without mom around are vulnerable to drowning and chills. They don't need to swim to survive at all.
At the same time, baby ducklings do need lots of water with their food as they must have water to swallow. Due to the issues in the previous paragraph, you must devise a way for them to drink lots of water without diving into their drinking water. They can drown in that too. The best method I've ever seen is to cut a small hole in the side of a plastic milk carton that is big enough for them to put their head into but make the hole too small for them to jump through it. Then fill it with water just up to that hole. You'll have to change the water often as they will dirty it up daily (with food). You may have to teach them how to find the water in the beginning by pushing their heads in their a few times but once they figure it out, they will go back and forth between their food and water constantly. Once they start eating it seems like they never stop.
Regarding feed... go to a local feed store and ask for "unmedicated chicken mash". Basically this is mashed up chicken feed. It is important to ask for "unmedicated" brands as ducklings eat a lot more than chicks and will poison themselves on the medicated brands. They don't need the medication like chicks do. They actually can be quite hardy once they begin growing up.
Lastly, remember that you are your duckling's protector. The most common cause of death in pet ducklings (and ducks for that matter) is an attack by a predator. Ducklings have no real defense mechanism and are vulnerable to pet dogs or cats or a stray neighborhood pet. You need to be conscious of any animals around their environment and keen to provide protection. It only takes a few seconds for a playful larger animal or predator to kill your ducklings.

All About Duck

2008-11-15T20:19:00.000-08:00

Surga Bebek di Kampung Para Kijang

“Total perputaran uang di sini tak kurang Rp 7 miliar per-tahun,”

Desa itu bernama Pakijangan, artinya tempat hidup kijang. Anehnya, jika mampir ke sana, bukan kijang yang didapat melainkan puluhan ribu bebek yang dipiara warga di sepanjang tepian sungai yang membelah desa itu.
Pelataran kandang berpagar bambu di kampung bebek ini dibuat menyentuh bibir sungai. Saat air sungai penuh, bagian pelataran kandang yang di genangi air menjadi tempat bebek bersuka-ria sepanjang hari.
Saat matahari mengintip dari ufuk timur, peternak di sana telah selesai memunguti telur. Sesaat kemudian deru mesin giling pakan terdengar dari sudut jalan. Waktunya meracik pakan dari bahan baku yang melimpah di desa itu, agar esok pagi telur bebek masih didapatkan. Dan ketika malam menyelimuti ‘perkampungan bebek’ ini, para peternak bersantai menikmati kopi ditingkahi suara kwek-kwek puluhan ribu bebek.

Kampung Bebek di Tepi Sungai
Soekiswo dari Sie Penyuluhan dan Kelembagaan Kantor Peternakan Brebes berkisah, sebelum 1995 warga Pakijangan, kec Bulakamba—Brebes, masih memelihara bebek di samping rumah yang kian hari semakin padat saja. Dampak bau kotoran yang menyengat dan amis sisa pakan mulai terasa.
Setelah mengalami tarik-ulur, akhir 1995 peternak bebek Pakijangan yang tergabung dalam Kelompok Tani Ternak Itik (KTTI) Adem Ayem itu pun akhirnya memindahkan lokasi peternakannya ke ‘perkampungan’ khusus bebek di lahan wedi kèngsèr (Daerah Aliran Sungai / DAS) sungai Pakijangan milik pemerintah desa setempat. Aliran sungai sepanjang 7 km itu (setara 25 ha), baru 1 km yang diberdayakan optimal.
“Total perputaran uang di sini tak kurang Rp 7 miliar per-tahun,” tutur Atmo Suwito Rasban (38 th), Ketua Koperasi KTTI AA I. Angka ini diperoleh dengan menghitung multiplier effect, meliputi omset pakan, produksi telur, produksi telur asin, DOD, bebek bayah (dara), pejantan, betina afkir dan tenaga kerja. “Tiap hari, setidaknya dibutuhkan 2 ton bekatul. Belum ikan-ikan rucah, leseh (semacam keong kecil), lancang (semacam kerang kecil dari laut) dan nasi aking yang menjadi bahan utama penyusun ransum,” imbuhnya.
“Eksistensi KTTI dan pengakuan komoditas bebek sebagai produk unggulan di wilayah ini di-perda-kan oleh Pemkab Brebes pada 2000,” ujar Soekiswo. Bupati pun setuju dengan misi sejuta bebek sepanjang sungai Pakijangan yang ditabuh KTTI Adem Ayem.
“Desa yang dulunya marginal sekarang terangkat perekonomiannya maupun posisi tawarnya di mata pemerintah. Berkah dari bebek,” tutur Mito, panggilan akrab Atmo Suwito Rasban di kampung. Rata-rata kepemilikan anggota pun meningkat. Dulu hanya 100-an, sekarang rata-rata 400 ekor/peternak. “Bahkan banyak yang memelihara 1000-an ekor,” sebutnya.
Kini, KTTI Adem Ayem (KTTI AA) desa Pakijangan ‘beranak-pinak’ menjadi 4 kelompok : Adem Ayem I hingga Adem Ayem IV. Aset total mereka mencapai Rp 650 juta, Rp 350 juta diantaranya milik Koperasi KTTI AA I.

Kewalahan
Menurut Mito, 65 ribu bebek –termasuk bayah— di kelompoknya baru mampu memproduksi 22 ribu butir telur/hari. Sebagian untuk memenuhi kebutuhan produksi telur asin kelompok, 2000 butir/hari. Ditambah usaha pembuatan telur asin warga, total kebutuhan bisa 10 ribu butir / hari.
Mito menyatakan, sejak mulai bulan puasa hingga 2 minggu pasca lebaran (1,5 bulan), total permintaan telur asin mencapai 2 juta-an butir, sehingga kekurangan pasokan 1,6 juta butir. Permintaan luar biasa banyaknya datang dari pengolah telur asin, pedagang lokal, hingga pasar Jakarta. “Berapapun produksinya mereka bersedia membeli. Sebab antara permintaan dan ketersediaan masih njomplang, ditandai tren harga telur bebek yang selalu naik hingga Rp 900,-/bt di pasar lokal,” papar lulusan Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Islam Indonesia – Jogjakarta ini.

Selengkapnya baca Majalah TROBOS edisi November 2007

How to Hatch Duck Eggs

2008-11-14T18:30:00.000-08:00

By eHow Pets Editor

Instructions

Step1

Obtain duck eggs that have been fertilized.

Step2

Ensure that a proper incubator has been purchased or built. Incubators can simply be any enclosed box or area that can retain heat and has easy access to the eggs.

Step3

Make sure the temperature of the enclosure or incubator stays at approximately 99 to 99.5 degrees F for the first 25 days. Reduce the temperature to 98.5 degrees F on day 25 and allow incubating for an additional 3 days.

Step4

Control the humidity of the incubating duck eggs for the first 25 days to 86 percent. Adjust the humidity to 94 percent for the remaining 3 days.

Step5

Turn the duck eggs an odd number of times per day throughout the first 25 days. Three, five, and seven times are a common process. This allows the hatching duck eggs to "rest" in differing positions. Stop turning the duck eggs over the last 3 days.

Step6

Consider candling (placing a small, very bright flashlight at the top of the duck egg and shining light through) the duck egg after 7 days to check on the fertilization process.

Duck Al' Orange - Alias: Canard a l'Orange; Duck in Orange Sauce

2008-11-04T21:07:00.000-08:00

by: David Russo VMD, PhD
The right and easy way to prepare Duck al' Orange. Please use bitter oranges.

Here I propose an easy way to prepare the famous "Canard a l' Orange". It only takes less than 20 minutes to prepare and about 1 hour to cook, depending on the size of the bird. To serve 4 people you will need the following ingredients:

One whole duck, preferably Mulard duck.

4 spoons olive oil

1 cup dry white wine

3 bitter oranges

Salt

Many think that this recipe is French while its roots are actually Tuscan. Caterina de' Medici (born in Florence in 1519, wife to Enrico di Valois and mother to two kings (Enrico III and Carlo IX) introduced her refined ways and cuisine into the French court from Florence. This recipe was just one of many that she brought over.

Clean the duck, trimming off any excess fat. Salt the inside of the duck and place it in a pan with olive oil. Brown it for a few minutes on each all around and then add the white wine and some water.

Continue cooking with the lid on and a low flame, for 45-60 minutes depending on the duck's size. Add salt once cooking is finished.

In the meantime, clean one orange and with a small, sharp knife, remove the yellow part from the skin and cut it into thin strips. Boil the strips for a few minutes and strain them thoroughly. Juice the other two oranges (make sure to use bitter oranges!) and add the orange juice to the duck along with the orange strips.

Let the juice reduce then serve immediately, decorating with the orange strips. Accompanied preferably by either Champagne or a "Brut" sparkling wine.

Best Beijing Duck Houses in Beijing

2008-11-04T20:55:00.000-08:00

by: Anna Yuen
Beijing duck is such a yummy food that no visitor to Beijing should miss it. But which is the best duck house?

There are five Beijing duck houses almost equally popular and loved by tourists. Actually, in a recent magazine poll, these five names also dominate the top positions. They all carry a different theme.

Historical and Unique Recipe: Bian Yi Fang Roast Duck Restaurant
Beijing duck price: ¥80

Bian Yi Fang was founded in 1855, a pioneer in Beijing duck. However their Beijing duck recipe is different from most of the duck houses in Beijing. They use oven heat instead of actual fire. This method is meant for environmental as well as making the duck meat more tender and juicy.

Typical Old Beijing Feel: Li Qun Roast Duck Restaurant
Beijing duck price: ¥80

Li Qun is hidden inside a hutong, making it difficult to be found. However many tourists do make an effort to find it. Best is to take a taxi and then hire a rickshaw.

Li Qun has nothing five-star, but a typical old Beijing feel - red lanterns, open garden and courtyard. It is always full plus a long waiting line. Over 90% of their guests are foreigners.

New Generation: King of Duck Roast Duck Restaurant
Beijing duck price: ¥48

“New Generation Ruler of the Century-old Duck Empire” – this is the slogan of King of Duck. They are running six shops since the first one opened in 1997.

They claim to do an old dish in a new style. You’ll find this to be a new-generation Beijing duck house. The Beijing duck they produce is almost out of fat.

Traditional and Well-known: Quanjude Roast Duck Restaurant
Beijing duck price: ¥168 / ¥70 per one-person dish

Quanjude nowadays operates under franchise. The shop at Qianmen is the original one. Foreign rulers visiting Beijing usually come here.

Founded in 1864, Quanjude is the most famous Beijing duck house for sure. Somehow there is an equal mark between Quanjude and Beijing duck.

Academic: Da Dong Roast Duck Restaurant
Beijing duck price: ¥98

Da Dong is nearby the embassy district in Beijing and is loved by ambassadors. You would always find British and Japanese ambassador entertaining their guests here.

Da Dong’s owner has an MBA degree, the only person with such qualification in the catering industry of Beijing. They have a booklet on each of their dining table to tell their guests different ways to eat Beijing duck.

Conclusion

In Beijing, many duck houses are selling at ¥38 per duck. They might not be very well-known, but are doing well. It won’t be difficult to get a good deal.

Beijing ducks are roasted to order, so they are sold as a whole duck. If a restaurant refuses to sell you half or just a dish, they are not mean. If they pre-do a lot of ducks and wait for orders, the Beijing duck won’t be crispy any more.

Duck Breeding Operation

2008-11-04T20:43:00.000-08:00

Duck Breeding Operation

For efficient and productive duck breeding operation, consider the following tips recommended by experts from the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research in Los Baños, Laguna.

Procedure:

Maintain the proper ratio of male to female ducks in a breeding shed or kamalig. Put in one drake for every five to 10 female ducks. Keep extra drakes in a separate shed in case some male breeders die of diseases or become unproductive.
The drakes can be distinguished from the females by their voice and appearance. Females quack while drakes provide a hissing sound. Drakes have curly tail features.
If possible, the drakes should be one month older than the female ducks. This is to ensure that the males are ready for mating during the breeding season.
Choose drakes and females alike with well-developed bodies and good conformation. They should be healthy, have a good set of feathers and with keen, alert eyes. Do not select those that are obviously sickly and thin.
The following duck raising tips were lifted from PinoyNegosyo blog.

Buy your breeding stock from reliable duck raisers. The Pateros duck (native duck) is good for egg production and the Peking duck is good both for meat and egg purposes. You can also raise Muscovy duck or Pato. Muscovy has low egg production but is more self sustaining than the Pateros and Peking ducks.
Build your duck house in a quite, cool place and near as possible to a stream or pond. Local materials like bamboo, nipa and cogon are cool and cheap.
Provide each duck with at least 34 square feet of floor space. The floor should be covered with either rice hulls, corn cobs, peanut hulls or similar materials to make it dry and clean; and to help prevent the spread of pests and diseases.
You can provide a swimming pond for the ducks if you wish. One of 10 feet wide and 20 feet long is adequate for 50 birds. However, a pond is not really necessary in duck raising. The ducks can lay just as many eggs without it.
Pateros ducks start laying when they are about 4-6 months old. Peking and Muscovy ducks start laying at about 6-7 months old. In breeding, you need male for every five female ducks. Select breeders that are healthy, vigorous and without defects.
Ducklings need to be brooded or warmed until they are a month old.
a. The temperature required for brooding is 95°F for the first week, 90°F for the second week, 85°F for the third week and 80°F for the last week.
b. The behavior of the ducklings is a good indicator whether brooding temperature is correct. The ducklings huddle close together toward the source of heat when temperature is low; scattered or spread evenly when the temperature is correct; but planting and moving away from the source of heat when the temperature is too hot.
c. A good brooding area is at least 1/2 square foot per duckling during the first week. The area should be increased by about 1/2 square foot every week until the fourth week.
d. When your ducklings show signs of sickness, add three tablespoons of Nexal for every gallon of water for 2-3 days. Skip or withdraw after 3 days hen continue for another 3 days. Terramycin poultry formula can also be used. Follow the instructions on the package carefully.
e. In order to prevent Avian Pest Disease, immunize your ducks with Avian Pest Vaccine which can be obtained free from the Bureau of animal Industry (BAI).
f. Sex your ducklings. If you desire to fatten the extra males, then grow them separately from the females.
g. When ducklings are six weeks old, they can be transferred from the brooder to the growing house.
h. Transfer the layers to the laying house when they are four months old.
Feed your ducks the right kind of feed.
a. 1-day to 6-week-old ducklings should be fed with starter mash with 10-21 percent crude protein.
b. 6-week-old to 4 month old ducklings should be fed with growing mash with at least 16 percent crude protein.
c. 4-month-old ducks and above should be fed with laying ration with at least 16 percent crude protein.
d. Commercial feeds are good for your ducks. However, if you want to mix your own feed, here is a formula for a practical general purpose ration. This general purpose ration may be fed to your ducks of any age. Ingredients:
First class rice bran (darak)- 55 kilograms
Ground corn or binlid - 20 kilograms
Shrimps or snails - 25 kilograms
Wood ash or ground charcoal - 1.5 kilograms
Ordinary table salt -250 grams
Ground limestone or shells -250 grams
Afsillin or Aurofac - 250 grams
e. Also, feed plenty of chopped green leaves of either kangkong, comfrey, camote, ipil-ipil and legumes as additional feed. Give at least 10 grams of chopped green leaves per duck per day.
f. You can grow and feed fresh water snails to your ducks. Giving one gallon of fresh snails a day to 24 duck layers will help increase egg production.
g. Provide your ducks plenty of clean fresh water all the time.
If you provide a swimming pond for your ducks, limit their playing in the water to 1-2 hours a day.
Do not allow your ducks to get wet under the rain because they may get sick.
Pateros ducks should weigh about 21/2 kilograms at 6 months. They should lay about 250-280 eggs in one year. On the other hand, Peking should weigh about 3 1/24 kilograms at 6 months old and lay about 180-200 eggs in,a year.
You may start growing your replacement ducks when your layers are in their second year of laying. Dispose of your pool layers and retain the good ones.
Duck eggs and meat are as nutritious as chickens’. Eat plenty of duck eggs and meat, they are good for you and your family.

Catatan Perjalanan Kecil

2008-09-04T07:00:00.000-07:00

USAHA PEMELIHARAAN BEBEK

Dengan Hanya Memanfaatkan Lahan Kosong Dibelakang Rumahnya Bapak Abdullah Yang Tinggal di banyuwangi jawa timur Bisa Memperoleh penghasilan Rp. 200 000 lebih/hari. Penghasilan Sebesar itu sangat lumayan untuk hidup didesa dengan tiga orang anak, apalagi anak kedua saat ini sudah menyelesaikan kuliahnya dari hasil jerih payah bapak abdullah dari beternak bebek.Bebek yang di pelihara bapak abdullah dari jenis bebek bali, yang terkenal penurut dan gampang perawatannya, dia memelihara 500 ekor bebek, dari lima ratus ekor itu dia mengeluarkan uang untuk biaya produksi

( pakan dan peralatannya) sekitar Rp 125.000/Hari, Padahal Harga Jual Telur Untuk Saat ini (Harga di banyuwangi) adalah Rp. 900, sedangkan Bebek Yang dia pelihara dari 500 ekor yang bertelur ada 400 ekor jadi bisa kita bayangkan berapa penghasilan bapak abdullah perharinya,Yaitu: 400 Butir Telur x Rp. 900 = Rp 360.000

Kalo Biaya Produksi Perhari Untuk 500 Bebek itu Rp. 125.000 Berarti Penghasilan Bapak Abdullah Dalam satu Hari Adalah:

Rp. 235.000/Hari atau

Rp. 7.050.000/Bulan atau

Rp. 84.600.000/Tahun

Itu Baru 500 Ekor Bebek Gimana Kalo 50.000 Ekor Bebek? Wah Bisa Kita Bayangkan Pasti ngiler Kita Lihat Uangnya he he he he he

Metode Yang Digunakan Bapak abdullah sederhana, dia hanya memanfaatkan lahan kosong dibelakang rumahnya yang kira kira seluas 10 x 10 m2, dia bagi dua lahan tersebut 5 x 10 m untuk kandang utama Dan sisanya untuk tempat bermain ( ngumbar istilah Banyuwangi ) pada siang hari,bebek yang dia pelihara Dia beri makan tiga kali sehari, pagi siang dan sore, jadi beliau bisa santai setelah memberi makan.

Kini Bapak Abdullah Berencana Menyewa Sawah Untuk Memelihara bebek, dari pada kita tanami padi lebih baik kita tamami bebek Begitu katanya, beliau berani menjamin bahwa usaha peternakan bebek ini menguntungkan.dari segi ekonomi.

Duck housing design

2008-09-04T06:58:00.000-07:00

Elaborate sheds are not necessary, but you should observe the general principles of poultry house design. Breeders may be housed either intensively or semi-intensively:
intensive housing — the birds are housed indoors for the duration of the season;
semi-intensive housing — the birds have access to outside runs during the day, but are locked indoors at night and during adverse weather conditions.
For each type of housing:
The housing must be clean, dry, adequately ventilated and able to keep out beating rain.
Allow each breeder an area of at least 0.2 m2 of floor space inside the shed (i.e. 5 birds/m2).
Cover the shed floor with litter for the comfort of the birds, to absorb moisture and to prevent egg breakage — wood shavings are probably the most suitable, but any soft absorbent material to a depth of about 7–8 cm is satisfactory.
Siting
The area selected for sheds should be gently sloping. If the site is too hilly, sheds will be difficult to build; if the site is too flat, drainage will be impeded. For siting and layout, refer to the publication NSW Meat Chicken Farming Guidelines (2004), and contact your local council for development advice.
The shed should face north to north-east and should be at least 2 m high at the back, to give enough head room. Since ducks are very susceptible to excessive sun, provide adequate shade.
Layout
For a systematic farm layout, first draw up a ground plan and spend some time thinking about the plan and shed design. This will enable you to make modifications. When planning the farm, allow for housing growers and adults separately, and make sure there is no drainage from the adult housing area to growers. Whatever housing is chosen, a cheap and effective type of shed is one with a skillion roof.
The ideal method of housing breeding stock is in a building which has both litter and slatted or wire floor areas. This greatly reduces the amount of wet litter and improves overall production. Feeders and waterers are placed on the slats. The litter area is used by the ducks for mating and for laying eggs. A combination of litter and slats prevents possible leg damage to heavy breeding ducks, which may occur if they are housed on slats only.
Nests
Encourage ducks to use nests because cleaner eggs result and fewer breakages occur. Furthermore, eggs laid in nests are not exposed to sun or damp. This may be difficult with breeds other than Muscovies.
Nests should be clean, dry, comfortable and only large enough to be used by one duck at a time. Build them from timber and place them in rows along the walls. A suitable size is 30 cm by 30 cm by about 40 cm deep. Nesting material should be placed in the nest to a depth of about 7 cm. Use shavings, sawdust, sand or shell grit. Broody ducks will further line their nests with their own body feathers.
If you wish to follow a system of progeny testing, use trap nests to facilitate identification of eggs laid by individual ducks. Identify and discard ducks that continually lay almond-shaped eggs or other misshapen eggs. Individual duck production can also be recorded. In intensive buildings, encourage Pekin ducks to lay in nests by providing open-framed nest boxes on the side of the walls. The nest boxes must be at floor level, as ducks will not use elevated nests.
Feeders
No special feeding equipment for ducks is manufactured in this country, so equipment made for other poultry has to be used. This gives satisfactory results. As a general rule, ducks need twice as much feeding space as hens. Flock feeders are the most satisfactory types of feeders for ducks. Provide each duck with a feeding space of at least 12 cm (the equivalent of four 2 m flock feeders per 100 adults).
Waterers
Swimming facilities are not essential. However, pools can be made available where outside runs are provided. Concrete ponds 1 m wide by 0.25 m deep are satisfactory. To keep litter in the shed dry, place the ponds away from the house. Alternatively, saucer-shaped pools 0.25 m deep and 2 m wide may be used. In both cases, good drainage is essential. To limit wastage of eggs, it is advisable to prevent outside swimming until about 10.00 am, when most eggs will have been laid (most ducks lay their eggs in the evening and early morning).
Although swimming water is not necessary, ducks do need plenty of clean drinking water. Birds should be able to immerse their heads completely and hence clean and prevent blockage of their nasal passages caused by food and dirt. Keep drinking containers shaded at all times. To prevent damp litter, place drinking vessels outside the shed or on a wire grid. Provide about 3 cm of drinking space for each adult bird.

DUCK MARKETING

2008-09-04T06:55:00.000-07:00

For marketing, ducklings should have a well-rounded breast filled with meat and showing very little breastbone. Studies on carcase composition have shown that the relatively high fat content of ducks is almost entirely due to their large body size at marketing. The percentage of fat increases with body size.
Market English ducks (Pekins and Aylesburys) as ‘green’ ducks when they are 7–8 weeks of age and their liveweight is 2.5–2.8 kg. Some Pekin strains less than 7 weeks of age will be heavy enough for some markets. Ducklings 10 weeks old are more difficult to pluck because this is when they start to get their adult feathers, and they require extra handling. If ducklings have reached this stage, growers may be forced to take a lower price.
Market Muscovies slightly later — ducks at 11 weeks with a liveweight of about 2.25 kg, and drakes at 14 weeks with a liveweight of about 3.5 kg.
Some growers prefer to market both sexes 2 weeks later (at 13 weeks for ducks and 16 weeks for drakes), and others market both sexes at 14 weeks of age. The correct time to market Muscovies is before they lose their downy feathers and before the wing tips cross over on the back.
Before growing ducks, arrange a market outlet, preferably at a prearranged price per kilogram liveweight. Negotiate directly with a processor. The only really reliable market is before Christmas when larger ducks and drakes, such as Muscovies, are in constant demand. Once a reputation for supplying prime quality birds is obtained, direct on-the-farm sales can become an important outlet. This method of selling usually means a higher net income per bird.
SLAUGHTERING
Remove feed from ducks at least 2 hours before slaughter so that the intestinal tract clears. The ducks must still have access to cool, clean drinking water, which will reduce carcase dehydration and facilitate plucking. Ducklings should then be transported to the slaughterhouse in crates.
Take care to prevent bruising and damage to the carcase. A good way of carrying ducks to avoid carcase damage is for the operator to grasp, in one hand, the wing tip and leg from the same side of the bird.
Place the duckling’s feet in ‘W’ shackles hung at a convenient height, or place the bird headfirst into a killing funnel. Sever the jugular vein by drawing a long, thin, sharp knife across the throat high on the neck just under the lower bill. Birds killed this way bleed swiftly and completely.
DRESSING
Scalding - Once they have stopped bleeding, place ducks to be wet plucked in a scalding tank at a water temperature of 60°C for a few minutes — long enough to loosen the feathers without causing flesh discolouration. Adding an approved detergent to the water sometimes makes it easier to remove the feathers.
Wet plucking - Several mechanical pluckers are available; all have revolving rubber ‘fingers’ that remove most of the feathers. The remaining pin feathers must be removed by hand, by grasping them between the thumb and a dull-edged knife.
Dry plucking - This method of plucking eliminates scalding. Poulterers prefer it because it produces an exceptionally attractive carcase. It is, however, much slower than wet plucking and there is more chance of tearing the skin.
Waxing - Waxing carcases to remove the remaining feathers is recommended where many ducks are to be processed, because remaining feathers are removed quickly and a better carcase appearance results. Waxing carcases to remove remaining feathers is common overseas, and more Australian processors are now using this method. The carcase is covered with molten wax and placed in cold water to harden the wax; when the wax is peeled off the carcase, any feathers come with it. The wax can be used again by remelting it and pouring it through a screen to separate the wax from the feathers. Commercial blended wax can be obtained for this purpose.
Evisceration - Eviscerate birds on a stainless steel table. Slit the skin on top of the neck to the shoulder blades and remove the windpipe and oesophagus. The neck can be nicked with secateurs and turned back in through the top of the body, or cut through and removed.
Remove the visceral organs from the rear end by slitting from the vent to the end of the breastbone. Then insert one hand high up into the body cavity. With practice, all organs can be removed in one operation. Cut through the hock joint to remove the legs. Eviscerated birds should now be thoroughly washed. Clean and wash giblets, enclose them in sealed packets made of an approved material, and either stuff them into the body cavity through the rear end of the carcase, or pack and sell them separately. The carcase must be labelled either ‘with giblets’ or ‘without giblets’. A dressing-out loss of about 23% is normal with most breeds.
Trussing - The most attractive carcase presentation is to pack birds in a patented clear plastic bag which shrinks to the contours of the bird’s body. Birds handled in this way require no special trussing. They are placed in the correct-sized bag, and the mouth of the bag is then held under the nozzle of a machine which removes air by vacuum. The end of the bag is twisted to prevent entry of outside air and is sealed with a metal clip. To shrink the bag into the body contours, the carcase is then placed into a shrink tank filled with water at 93°C for a couple of seconds.
Ducks do not have to be pre-chilled to keep their flesh white, unlike chickens and turkeys. But if you do not pre-chill carcases, take care when packing them to prevent their becoming misshapen. Freeze ducks at –15°C with an air speed of about 180 m/min. Place birds to be sold as fresh poultry in ordinary plastic bags, first twisting the wings inwards. Freshly killed, well-processed ducks stored at 1°C–2°C can be kept safely for up to 10 days.
STORING
Freshly killed birds should be drawn as soon as possible, then lightly wrapped and stored in the refrigerator — fresh birds can be refrigerated safely for up to 7 days. A cooked bird refrigerates safely for 4–5 days.
Birds to be frozen should be plucked, drawn and thoroughly cleaned before freezing. Frozen birds should be thawed completely before cooking. If roasting a frozen bird before thawing is complete, use a meat thermometer, which should register at least 88°C before the bird can be considered fully cooked. Do not stuff the bird before freezing. It is wise to remove the stuffing from a roasted bird; wrap it separately for refrigerated storage.
BREEDING OPERATION
For efficient and productive duck breeding operation, consider the following tips recommended by experts from the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research in Los Baños, Laguna.
Procedure:
Maintain the proper ratio of male to female ducks in a breeding shed or kamalig. Put in one drake for every five to 10 female ducks. Keep extra drakes in a separate shed in case some male breeders die of diseases or become unproductive.
The drakes can be distinguished from the females by their voice and appearance. Females quack while drakes provide a hissing sound. Drakes have curly tail features.
If possible, the drakes should be one month older than the female ducks. This is to ensure that the males are ready for mating during the breeding season.
Choose drakes and females alike with well-developed bodies and good conformation. They should be healthy, have a good set of feathers and with keen, alert eyes. Do not select those that are obviously sickly and thin.
For further information on duck raising, click links below:
http://SAPIPOTONG.BLOGSPOT.COM

Advertise On HEZTYRA

2008-08-18T06:27:00.000-07:00

Place advertising On Heztyra

*************************************************************************

1. Premium Banner 728*90 ("Banner image" + "Text Description")
Starting from $20/month or $200/year -, Increase $1, The higher price the higher position.

Available NOW ailable NOW

************************************************************************

2. Special Banner 120*120 ("Banner image" + "Text Description")
Starting from $10/month or $100/year -, Increase $1, The higher price the higher position.

Available NOW

*************************************************************************

3. Normal Banner 468*60 ("Banner image" + "Text Description")
Starting from $5/month or $50/year -, Increase $1, The higher price the higher position.

Available NOW

*************************************************************************

Contact US

Heztyra@gmail.com

Listing will be Added after payment

Pay with Liberty Reserve

Account name : Victor

Account number : U4260935

After approving your service it will be added in the list.